Basic Electronics : For BPUT Subject Code BE-2101

Cover
Contents
Preface
Roadmap to the Syllabus
About the Author
Chapter 1: Operational Amplifier
	1-1 Introduction to Electronics
	1-2 The Operational Amplifier
	1-3 Properties of the Ideal Operational Amplifier
	1-4 Specifications of IC 741c
		1-4-1 Description of Op-Amp 741 IC Pins
	1-5 Operational Amplifier and Its Terminal Properties
		1-5-1 Input Offset Voltage and Output Offset Voltage
		1-5-2 Input-Bias Current
		1-5-3 Input Offset Current and Output Offset Current
		1-5-4 Input Offset Null Voltage
		1-5-5 Differential Input Resistance
		1-5-6 Input Capacitance
		1-5-7 Offset Voltage Adjustment Range
		1-5-8 Input Voltage Range
		1-5-9 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
		1- 5-10 Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio (SVRR)
		1-5-11 Large Signal Voltage Gain
		1-5-12 Output Voltage Swing
		1-5-13 Output Resistance
		1-5-14 Supply Voltage
		1-5-15 Supply Current
		1-5-16 Power Consumption
		1-5-17 Slew Rate
		1-5-18 Gain Bandwidth Product
		1-5-19 Virtual Ground
	1-6 Applications of the Operational Amplifier
		1-6-1 Inverting Mode of Operation
		1-6-2 Non-Inverting Mode of Operation
		1-6-3 Voltage Summing, Difference, and Constant Gain Multiplier
		1-6-4 Voltage Follower or Unity Gain Amplifier
		1-6-5 Comparator
		1-6-6 Integrator
		1-6-7 Differentiator
		1-6-8 Logarithmic Amplifier
	1-7 Real-Life Applications
	Points to Remember
	Important Formulae
	Objective Questions
	Review Questions
	Practice Problems
	Suggested Readings
Chapter 2: Diode Fundamentals
	2-1 Introduction
	2-2 Formation of the p–n Junction
	2-3 Energy Band Diagrams
		2-3-1 The p–n Junction at Thermal Equilibrium
	2-4 Concepts of Junction Potential
		2-4-1 Space-Charge Region
		2-4-2 Built-in and Contact Potentials
		2-4-3 Effect of Doping on Barrier Field
		2-4-4 Formulation of Built-in Potential
	2-5 Modes of the p–n Junction
		2-5-1 The p–n Junction with External Applied Voltage
		2-5-2 Rectifying Voltage–Current Characteristics of a p–n Junction
		2-5-3 The Junction Capacitance
		2-5-4 The Varactor Diode
	2-6 Derivation of the I–V Characteristics of a p–n Junction Diode
	2-7 Linear Piecewise Models
	2-8 Breakdown Diode
		2-8-1 Zener Breakdown
		2-8-2 Avalanche Breakdown
	Points to Remember
	Important Formulae
	Objective Questions
	Review Questions
	Practice Problems
	Suggested Readings
Chapter 3: Diode Circuits
	3-1 Introduction
	3-2 Analysis of Diode Circuits
	3-3 Load Line and Q-point
	3-4 Zener Diode as Voltage Regulator
		3-4-1 Line Regulation
		3-4-2 Load Regulation: Regulation with Varying Load Resistance
	3-5 Rectifiers
		3-5-1 Half-Wave Rectifier
		3-5-2 Full-Wave Rectifier
		3-5-3 Use of Filters in Rectification
		3-5-4 Regulation
		3-5-5 Performance Analysis of Various Rectifier Circuits
	3-6 Clipper and Clamper Circuits
		3-6-1 Clipper
		3-6-2 Clamper
	3-7 Comparators
	3-8 Additional Diode Circuits
		3-8-1 Voltage Multiplier
		3-8-2 Peak Detector
		3-8-3 Digital Circuits
		3-8-4 Switching Regulators
	3-9 Special types of p–n Junction Semiconductor Diodes
		3-9-1 Tunnel Diode
		3-9-2 Light-Emitting Diode
		3-9-3 Photo Detector Diode
		3-9-4 Photovoltaic Diode
	3-10 Applications of Diode
		3-10-1 Radio Demodulation
		3-10-2 Power Conversion
		3-10-3 Over-Voltage Protection
		3-10-4 Logic Gates
		3-10-5 Ionizing Radiation Detectors
		3-10-6 Temperature Measuring
		3-10-7 Charge-Coupled Devices
	Points to Remember
	Important Formulae
	Objective Questions
	Review Questions
	Practice Problems
	Suggested Readings
Chapter 4: BJT Fundamentals
	4-1 Introduction
	4-2 Formation of p–n–p and n–p–n Junctions
	4-3 Transistor Mechanism
	4-4 Energy Band Diagrams
	4-5 Transistor Current Components
		4-5-1 Current Components in p–n–p Transistor
		4-5-2 Current Components in n–p–n Transistor
	4-6 CB, CE and CC Configurations
		4-6-1 Common-Base (CB) Mode
		4-6-2 Common-Emitter (CE) Mode
		4-6-3 Common-Collector (CC) Mode
	4-7 Expression for Current Gain
		4-7-1 Relationship Between a and b
	4-8 Transistor Characteristics
		4-8-1 Input Characteristics
		4-8-2 Output Characteristics
	4-9 Operating Point and the Concept of Load Line
	4-10 Early Effect
	4-11 Transistor as Amplifier
		4-11-1 The Parameter a ׳
	4-12 Expressions of Current Gain, Input Resistance, Voltage Gain and Output Resistance
		4-12-1 Current Gain (AI)
		4-12-2 Input Resistance (RI)
		4-12-3 V oltage Gain (A V )
		4-12-4 Output Resistance (RO)
	4-13 Frequency Response for CE Amplifier With and Without Source Impedance
		4-13-1 Conclusions
	4-14 Emitter Follower
	Points to Remember
	Important Formulae
	Objective Questions
	Review Questions
	Practice Problems
	Suggested Readings
Chapter 5: BJT Circuits
	5-1 Introduction
	5-2 Biasing and Bias Stability
		5-2-1 Circuit Configurations
		5-2-2 Stabilization Against Variations in ICO, VBE , and β
	5-3 Calculation of Stability Factors
		5-3-1 Stability Factor S
		5-3-2 Stability Factor S'
		5-3-3 Stability Factor S″
		5-3-4 General Remarks on Collector Current Stability
	5-4 CE, CB Modes and their Properties
		5-4-1 Common-Emitter (CE) Mode
		5-4-2 Common-Base Mode
	5-5 Small-Signal Low-Frequency Operation of Transistors
		5-5-1 Hybrid Parameters and Two-Port Network
	5-6 Equivalent Circuits through Hybrid Parameters as a Two-Port Network
	5-7 Darlington Pair
	5-8 Transistor at High Frequencies
	5-9 Real-Life Applications of the Transistor
	Points to Remember
	Important Formulae
	Objective Questions
	Review Questions
	Practice Problems
	Suggested Readings
Chapter 6: Feedback Amplifier
	6-1 Introduction
	6-2 Conceptual Development Through Block Diagrams
		6-2-1 Input Signal
		6-2-2 Output Signal
		6-2-3 Sampling Network
		6-2-4 Comparison or Summing Network
		6-2-5 Basic Amplifier
	6-3 Properties of Negative Feedback
	6-4 Calculations of Open-Loop Gain, Closed-Loop Gain and Feedback Factors
		6-4-1 Loop Gain or Return Ratio
	6-5 Topologies of the Feedback Amplifier
		6-5-1 Voltage-Series or Series-Shunt Feedback
		6-5-2 Current-Series or Series-Series Feedback
		6-5-3 Current-Shunt or Shunt-Series Feedback
		6-5-4 Voltage-Shunt or Shunt-Shunt Feedback
	6-6 Effect of Feedback on Gain, Input and Output Impedances
		6-6-1 Effect of Feedback on Input Impedance
		6-6-2 Effect of Feedback on Output Impedance
	6-7 Practical Implementations of the Feedback Topologies
		6-7-1 Voltage-Series Feedback Using Transistor
		6-7-2 Current-Series Feedback Using Transistor
		6-7-3 Voltage-Shunt Feedback Using Transistor
		6-7-4 Current-Shunt Feedback Using Transistor
	6-8 Sensitivity
	6-9 Bandwidth Stability
	6-10 Effect of Positive Feedback
		6-10-1 Instability and Oscillation
		6-10-2 Nyquist Criterion
		6-10-3 Condition of Oscillation
		6-10-4 Barkhausen Criterion
	Points to Remember
	Important Formulae
	Objective Questions
	Review Questions
	Practice Problems
	Suggested Readings
Chapter 7: Oscillators
	7-1 Introduction
	7-2 Classifications of Oscillators
	7-3 Circuit Analysis of a General Oscillator
		7-3-1 Hartley Oscillator
		7-3-2 Colpitts Oscillator
		7-3-3 Phase-Shift Oscillator
		7-3-4 Wien-Bridge Oscillator
	7-4 Conditions for Oscillation: Barkhausen Criterion
		7-4-1 Nyquist Criterion for Oscillation
	7-5 Tuned Oscillator
		7-5-1 Circuit Analysis
	7-6 Crystal Oscillator
	7-7 Real-Life Applications
		7-7-1 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
		7-7-2 Cascode Crystal Oscillator
	Points to Remember
	Important Formulae
	Important Formulae
	Objective Questions
	Review Questions
	Practice Problems
	Suggested Readings
Chapter 8: Electronic Instruments
	8-1 Introduction
	8-2 Components of the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
	8-3 Time-Base Generators
		8-3-1 Oscilloscope Amplifiers
		8-3-2 Vertical Amplifiers
	8-4 Sweep Frequency Generator
		8-4-1 Applications of the Sweep Frequency Generator
	8-5 Measurements Using the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
		8-5-1 Measurement of Frequency
		8-5-2 Measurement of Phase
		8-5-3 Measurement of Phase Using Lissajous Figures
	8-6 Types of Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
		8-6-1 Analog CRO
		8-6-2 Digital CRO
		8-6-3 Storage CRO
		8-6-4 Dual-Beam CRO
	8-7 Cathode-Ray Tube
		8-7-1 Electron Gun
		8-7-2 Deflection Systems
		8-7-3 Fluorescent Screen
	8-8 Sine Wave Generator
	8-9 Square Wave Generator
	8-10 AF Signal Generator
	8-11 Function Generator
	Points to Remember
	Important Formulae
	Objective Questions
	Review Questions
	Practice Problems
	Suggested Readings
Chapter 9: Digital Electronic Principles
	9-1 Introduction
	9-2 Number System
	9-3 Conversion of Number System
		9-3-1 Binary to Decimal
		9-3-2 Decimal to Binary
		9-3-3 Numer System Conversions
	9-4 Boolean Algebra
		9-4-1 Addition
		9-4-2 Subtraction
		9-4-3 Basic Boolean Laws
	9-5 Logic Gates
		9-5-1 AND Gate
		9-5-2 OR Gate
		9-5-3 NOT Gate
		9-5-4 NAND Gate
		9-5-5 NOR Gate
		9-5-6 XOR Gate
		9-5-7 XNOR Gate
		9-5-8 Universal Gate
		9-5-9 Characteristics of Logic Gates
	9-6 De Morgan’s Theorem
		9-6-1 Using Basic Logic Gates
		9-6-2 Application of De Morgan’s Theorem
	9-7 Simplification of Boolean Expression
	9-8 Logic Gate Circuits
		9-8-1 Combinational Logic
		9-8-2 Sequential Logic Circuit
	9-9 Basic Concepts of Memory
	9-10 Real-Life Applications
	Points to Remember
	Important Formulae
	Objective Questions
	Review Questions
	Practice Problems
	Suggested Readings
Solved Question Papers
Index