Basic Electrical Engineering (Vel Tech)

Cover
Copyright
Roadmap to the syllabus
Brief contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Electrical symbols and indian electricity rules
	1.1 introduction
	1.2 symbols and sign conventions
		1.2.1 wires and connections
		1.2.2 power supplies
		1.2.3 wiring installations
		1.2.4 switches
		1.2.5 socket outlets
		1.2.6 lighting fixtures
		1.2.7 electrical appliances and accessories
		1.2.8 resistors, inductors and capacitors
		1.2.9 contractors and relays
		1.2.10 indicating instruments and relative symbols
		1.2.11 symbol use to show type of instrument as per operating phenomenon
		1.2.12 transformers
		1.2.13 rotating machines
		1.2.14 induction machines
		1.2.15 synchronous machines
		1.2.16 power equipment
		1.2.17 tele communication apparatus
		1.2.18 some electronic devices
		1.2.19 transistor symbols
		1.2.20 some electronic devices-digital (logic gates)
	1.3 indian electricity rules
Electrical safety and domestic wiring
	2.1 introduction
	2.2 electric shock
	2.3 electric shock treatment
	2.4 methods of artificial respiration
		2.4.1 schafer’s method
		2.4.2 silvestre’s method
		2.4.3 third method (artificial respirator method)
	2.5 precautions against electric shock
	2.6 electric safety measures
	2.7 earthing
		2.7.1 purpose of earthing
		2.7.2 equipment earthing
		2.7.3 system earthing
		2.7.4 methods of earthing
	2.8 size of earth wire
	2.9 double earthing
	2.10 causes of electric fire
	2.11 prevention of electric fire
	2.12 fuse
		2.12.1 advantages of fuse
		2.12.2 disadvantages of fuse
	2.13 miniature circuit breaker (mcb)
		2.13.1 construction
		2.13.2 working
		2.13.3 applications
	2.14 earth leakage circuit breaker (elcb)
		2.14.1 construction and internal circuit details
		2.14.2 principle of operation
	2.15 types of cables
	2.16 types of wiring systems
		2.16.1 cleat wiring
		2.16.2 casing and capping wiring
		2.16.3 cab tire sheathed or tough rubber sheathed wiring
		2.16.4 metal-sheathed wiring
		2.16.5 conduit wiring
	2.17 important lighting accessories
	2.18 important circuits
	2.19 sub-circuits
	2.20 selection, rating and installation of necessary equipment on the main switch board
	2.22 earthing of domestic fittings and appliances
Measuring instruments
	3.1 introduction
	3.2 concept of measurements
	3.3 instruments and their classification
		3.3.1 electrical instruments
	3.4 methods of providing controlling torque
		3.4.1 spring control
		3.4.2 gravity control
	3.5 methods of providing damping torque
		3.5.1 air friction damping
		3.5.2 fluid friction damping
		3.5.3 eddy current damping
	3.6 errors common to all types of instruments
	3.7 moving iron instruments
		3.7.1 attraction-type moving iron instruments
		3.7.2 repulsion-type moving iron instruments
		3.7.3 advantages and disadvantages of moving iron instruments
		3.7.4 applications of moving iron instruments
	3.8 permanent magnet moving coil instruments
		3.8.1 principle
		3.8.2 construction
		3.8.3 working
		3.8.4 deflecting torque
		3.8.5 advantages and disadvantages of permanent magnet moving coil instruments
	3.9 difference between ammeter and voltmeter
	3.10 extension of range of ammeters and voltmeters
		3.10.1 extension of ammeter range
		3.10.2 extension of voltmeter range
	3.11 dynamometer-type instruments
		3.11.1 dynamometer-type wattmeters
	3.12 digital multimeter
Concepts of current electricity
	4.1 introduction-101
	4.2 electricity
	4.3 modern electron theory
	4.4 nature of electricity
	4.5 charged body
	4.6 unit of charge
	4.7 free electrons
	4.8 electric potential
	4.9 potential difference
	4.10 electric current
		4.10.1 conventional direction of flow of current
	4.11 resistance
	4.12 resistors
		4.12.1 types of resistors
	4.13 resistor colour coding
		4.14 laws of resistance
	4.15 resistivity
		4.15.1 specific resistance
	4.16 conductance
		4.16.1 conductivity
	4.17 electromotive force
	4.18 ohm’s law
		4.18.1 limitations of ohm’s law
	4.19 effect of temperature on resistance
	4.20 temperature co-efficient of resistance
	4.21 temperature co-efficient of copper at 0°c
	4.22 electrical energy
	4.23 electrical power
	4.24 dc circuits
		4.24.1 series circuits
		4.24.2 parallel circuits
		4.24.3 series–parallel circuits
		4.24.4 division of current in parallel circuits
	4.25 capacitors
		4.25.1 types of capacitors
	4.26 capacitor colour coding
Dc circuit analysis and network theorems
	5.1 introduction
	5.2 electric network
		5.2.1 active elements
		5.2.2 passive elements
		5.2.3 network terminology
	5.3 kirchhoff’s laws
		5.3.1 kirchhoff’s first law
		5.3.2 kirchhoff’s second law
		5.3.3 solution of network by kirchhoff’s laws
	5.4 wheatstone bridge
	5.5 maxwell’s mesh current method (loop analysis)
	5.6 nodal analysis
	5.7 delta–star and star–delta transformation
		5.7.1 delta–star transformation
		5.7.2 star–delta transformation
	5.8 superposition theorem
	5.9 thevenin’s theorem
	5.10 norton’s theorem
	5.11 conversion of thevenin’s equivalent into norton’s equivalent and vice versa
	5.12 maximum power transfer theorem
Magnetic circuits and electromagnetic induction
	6.1 introduction
	6.2 magnetic field and its significance
	6.3 magnetic circuit and its analysis
	6.4 important terms
	6.5 comparison between magnetic and electric circuits
	6.6 ampere turns calculations
	6.7 series magnetic circuits
	6.8 parallel magnetic circuits
	6.9 leakage flux
		6.9.1 fringing
	6.10 magnetisation or b–h curve
	6.11 magnetic hysteresis
		6.11.1 residual magnetism and retentivity
		6.11.2 coercive force
	6.12 hysteresis loss
	6.13 importance of hysteresis loop
	6.14 electromagnetic induction
	6.15 faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
		6.15.1 first law
		6.15.2 second law
	6.16 direction of induced emf
	6.17 induced emf
	6.18 dynamically induced emf
		6.18.1 mathematical expression
	6.19 statically induced emf
		6.19.1 self-induced emf
		6.19.2 mutually induced emf
	6.20 self-inductance
		6.20.1 expressions for self-inductance
	6.21 mutual inductance
		6.21.1 expression for mutual inductance
	6.22 co-efficient of coupling
		6.22.1 mathematical expression
	6.23 inductances in series and parallel
		6.23.1 inductances in series
		6.23.2 inductances in parallel
	6.24 eddy current loss
	6.25 grouping of capacitors
		6.25.1 capacitors in series
		6.25.2 capacitors in parallel
		6.25.3 capacitors in series–parallel
	6.26 energy stored in a capacitor
Ac fundamentals
	7.1 introduction
	7.2 alternating voltage and current
		7.2.1 wave form
	7.3 difference between ac and dc
	7.4 sinusoidal alternating quantity
	7.5 generation of alternating voltage and current
	7.6 equation of alternating emf and current
	7.7 important terms
	7.8 important relations
	7.9 different forms of alternating voltage equation
	7.10 values of alternating voltage and current
	7.11 peak value
	7.12 average value
	7.13 average value of sinusoidal current
	7.14 effective or rms value
	7.15 rms value of sinusoidal current
	7.16 form factor and peak factor
	7.17 phasor representation of sinusoidal quantity
	7.18 phase and phase difference
	7.19 addition and subtraction of alternating quantities
		7.19.1 addition of alternating quantities
		7.19.2 subtraction of alternating quantities
Introduction to three-phase quantities
	8.1 introduction
	8.2 polyphase system
	8.3 advantages of three-phase system over single-phase system
	8.4 generation of three-phase emfs
		8.4.1 phasor diagram
	8.5 naming the phases
	8.6 phase sequence
	8.7 double-subscript notation
	8.8 interconnection of three phases
	8.9 star or wye (y) connection
		8.9.1 relation between phase voltage and line voltage
		8.9.2 relation between phase current and line current
	8.10 mesh or delta (∆) connection
		8.10.1 relation between phase voltage and line voltage
		8.10.2 relation between phase current and line current
	8.11 connections of three-phase loads
	8.12 power in three-phase circuits
Dc machines (generators and motors)
	9.1 introduction
	9.2 electromechanical energy conversion devices (motors and generators)
	9.3 electric generator and motor
		9.3.1 generator
		9.3.2 motor
	9.4 main constructional features
	9.5 armature resistance
	9.6 simple loop generator and function of commutator
		9.6.1 commutator action
	9.7 emf equation
	9.8 types of dc generators
	9.9 dc motor
	9.10 working principle of dc motors
		9.10.1 function of a commutator
	9.11 back emf
		9.11.1 significance of back emf
	9.12 torque equation
	9.13 shaft torque
		9.13.1 brake horse power
	9.14 comparison of generator and motor action
	9.15 types of dc motors
		9.15.1 separately excited dc motors
		9.15.2 self-excited dc motors
	9.16 applications and selection of dc motors
Single-phase transformers
	10.1 introduction
	10.2 transformer
		10.2.1 necessity
		10.2.2 applications
	10.3 working principle of a transformer
	10.4 construction of a single-phase small rating transformer
		10.4.1 core-type transformers
		10.4.2 shell-type transformers
		10.4.3 berry-type transformers
	10.5 an ideal transformer
		10.5.1 behaviour and phasor diagram
	10.6 transformer on dc
	10.7 emf equation
	10.8 classification of transformers
	10.9 power transformer and its auxiliaries
Three-phase induction motors
	11.1 introduction
	11.2 constructional features of a three-phase induction motor
	11.3 production of revolving field
	11.4 principle of operation
		11.4.1 alternate explanation
	11.5 reversal of direction of rotation of three-phase induction motors
	11.6 slip
		11.6.1 importance of slip
	11.7 frequency of rotor currents
	11.8. speed of rotor field or m.m.f.
Single-phase induction motors
	Introduction
	12.2 nature of field produced in single-phase induction motors
	12.3 torque produced by single-phase induction motor
	12.4 types of motors
	12.5 split-phase motors
		12.5.1 construction
		12.5.2 performance and characteristics
		12.5.3 applications
		12.5.4 reversal of direction of rotation
	12.6 capacitor motors
		12.6.1 capacitor start motors
		12.6.2 capacitor run motors (fan motors)
		12.6.3 capacitor start and capacitor run motors
	12.7 shaded pole motor
		12.7.1 construction
		12.7.2 principle
		12.7.3 performance and characteristics
	12.8 reluctance start motor
	12.9 ac series motor or commutator motor
		12.9.1 performance and characteristics
	12.10 universal motor
		12.10.1 construction
		12.10.2 principle
		12.10.3 working
		12.10.4 applications
	12.11 speed control of single-phase induction motors (fan regulator)
Three-phase synchronous machines
	13.1 introduction
	13.2 synchronous machine
	13.3 basic principles
	13.4 generator and motor action
	13.5 production of sinusoidal alternating emf
	13.6 relation between frequency speed and number of poles
	13.7 constructional features of synchronous machines
	13.8 advantages of rotating field system over stationary field system
	13.9 three-phase synchronous machines
	13.10 emf equation
	13.11 working principle of a three-phase synchronous motor
	13.12 synchronous motor on load
	13.13 effect of change in excitation
	13.14 v-curves
	13.15 application of synchronous motor as a synchronous condenser
	13.16 characteristics of synchronous motor
	13.17 methods of starting of synchronous motors
	13.18 hunting
	13.19 applications of synchronous motors
Renewable energy sources
	14.1 introduction
	14.2 classification of sources of energy
		14.2.1 renewable sources of energy
		14.2.2 non-renewable sources of energy
	14.3 introduction to wind energy
		14.3.1 utilization of wind energy
		14.3.2 factors affecting wind
		14.3.3 wind map of a site
		14.3.4 wind power capacity and production
		14.3.5 wind farm
		14.3.6 largest wind farm in india
		14.3.7 development of wind power in india
		14.3.8 variability
		14.3.9 reliability
		14.3.10 environmental effects
	14.4 introduction to solar energy
		14.4.1 concentrating solar power
		14.4.2 photovoltaic solar power
		14.4.3 economics
		14.4.4 solar power cost
		14.4.5 self-consumption
		14.4.6 grid parity
		14.4.7 environmental impacts
	14.5 introduction to fuel cell
		14.5.1 applications
		14.5.2 main constituents of fuel cell
		14.5.3 development and deployment
		14.5.4 types of fuel cells
		14.5.5 classification
		14.5.6 important terms used in fuel cells
		14.5.7 efficiency of fuel cell
		14.5.8 major applications
		14.5.9 some other common applications
		14.5.10 world’s largest fuel cell park
	14.6 introduction to hydroelectricity
		14.6.1 development in the field of hydropower
		14.6.2 methods of power generation at hydroelectric power plants
		14.6.3 classification of hydroelectric power stations on the basis of size and capacity
		14.6.4 amount of available hydraulic power
		14.6.5 advantages of hydroelectricity
		14.6.6 disadvantages of hydroelectricity
		14.6.7 hydroelectric power in india
	14.7 introduction to tidal power
		14.7.1 history and development
		14.7.2 generating methods
	14.8 introduction to geothermal energy
		14.8.1 geothermal electricity
		14.8.2 geothermal electric power plant
		14.8.3 types of geothermal power stations
		14.8.4 main geothermal power plants
		14.8.5 environmental impact
		14.8.6 economics
		14.8.7 future of geothermal energy
	14.9 introduction to thermal- (steam, diesel, and gas energy) electric power stations
		14.9.1 history and development
		14.9.2 energy conversion processes
		14.9.3 largest power plants in the world (coal, oil, and gas fired)
		14.9.4 diesel generator unit
		14.9.5 gas power station
	14.10 introduction to nuclear power plant
		14.10.1 history and development
		14.10.2 nuclear fission
		14.10.3 fissioning of uranium-235
		14.10.4 elements of a nuclear power station
	14.11 concept of cogeneration
	14.12 concept of distributed generation
		14.12.1 central electricity paradigm versus distributed generation versus electricity paradigm
		14.12.2 some examples of distributed generation technologies
Introduction to power system
	15.1 introduction
	15.2 layout of power system
	15.3 generation of electrical energy
	15.4 major generating stations
	15.5 hydroelectric power stations
		15.5.1 advantages of hydroelectric power stations
		15.5.2 disadvantages of hydroelectric power stations
		15.5.3 elements of hydroelectric power station
	15.6 thermal power stations
		15.6.1 advantages of thermal power stations
		15.6.2 disadvantages of thermal power stations
	15.7 diesel power stations
	15.8 nuclear power stations
		15.8.1 advantages of nuclear power stations
		15.8.2 disadvantages of nuclear power stations
Batteries and supercapacitors
	16.1 introduction
	16.2 electric cell
		16.2.1 forming of a cell
		16.2.2 emf developed in a cell
	16.3 types of cells
	16.4 important terms relating to an electric cell
	16.5 grouping of cells
		16.5.1 series grouping
		16.5.2 parallel grouping
		16.5.3 series–parallel grouping
	16.6 battery
		16.6.1 lead–acid battery
		16.6.2 working principle of lead–acid cell
	16.7 capacity of a battery
	16.8 efficiency of a battery
	16.9 charge indications of a lead–acid battery or cell
	16.10 charging of lead–acid battery
	16.11 care and maintenance of lead–acid batteries
	16.12 applications of lead–acid batteries
	16.13 nickel–iron alkaline cell
		16.13.1 construction
		16.13.2 working
		16.13.3 discharging
		16.13.4 recharging
		16.13.5 electrical characteristics
		16.13.6 advantages
		16.13.7 disadvantages
	16.14 comparison between lead–acid and nickel–iron alkaline cell
	16.15 nickel–cadmium cell
		16.15.1 construction
		16.15.2 chemical action during discharging
		16.15.3 chemical action during recharging
		16.15.4 electrical characteristics
		16.15.5 advantages
		16.15.6 disadvantages
	16.16 small nickel–cadmium cells
		16.16.1 silver button cell
	16.17 solar cells
		16.17.1 applications
		16.18 supercapacitor
		16.18.1 principle
		16.18.2 construction
		16.18.3 working
		16.18.4 advantages of supercapacitor
		16.18.5 disadvantages of supercapacitor
		16.18.6 applications of supercapacitor
	Index