Basic Concepts of Criminal Law

Contents......Page 10
Introduction......Page 16
1. Substance versus Procedure......Page 20
The Philosophical Problem: Substance versus Procedure......Page 23
The Burden of Proof: Half a Loaf......Page 27
The Distinction in Context......Page 32
2. Punishment versus Treatment......Page 38
Two Constitutional Perspectives: Motive versus Impact......Page 39
The Purposes of Punishment......Page 43
The Conceptual Analysis of Punishment......Page 46
Punishment: Public and Private......Page 48
3. Subject versus Object......Page 56
The Requirement of Human Action......Page 57
Acts and Omissions......Page 58
Commission by Omission......Page 60
Offenses of Failing to Act......Page 61
Alternative Approaches to Human Action......Page 63
Subject and Object in Criminal Procedure......Page 66
4. Human Causes versus Natural Events......Page 72
The Domain of Causation......Page 73
How to Approach Causation......Page 75
Problem One: Alternative Sufficient Causes......Page 76
Problem Two: Proximate Cause......Page 77
Problem Three: Omissions......Page 80
Causation in Ordinary Language......Page 82
Ideology and Causation......Page 83
5. The Crime versus the Offender......Page 87
The Basics of Wrongdoing......Page 90
The Basics of Attribution......Page 94
The Operative Significance of the Distinction......Page 98
A Problem in the Borderland: Putative Self-Defense......Page 101
6. Offenses versus Defenses......Page 106
Disputes about the Burden of Persuasion......Page 107
Formal Reasoning......Page 110
The Presumption of Innocence......Page 111
The Moral Theory of Guilt......Page 112
The Necessity of the Distinction Between Offense and Defense......Page 114
Can a Statutory Justifiction Be Unlawful?......Page 119
7. Intentions versus Negligence......Page 124
Accidents and Negligence......Page 126
Negligence: Objective and Subjective......Page 130
The Structure of Culpable Intentions......Page 133
On Motives......Page 137
The Distinction Between Intention and Negligence Revisited......Page 138
Se Defendendo and Necessity as Excuses......Page 143
Self-Defense as a Justification......Page 145
Necessity or Lesser Evils as a Justification......Page 151
Conflicts Between Self-Defense and Necessity......Page 156
9. Relevant versus Irrelevant Mistakes......Page 161
Irrelevant Mistakes......Page 162
Mistakes about Legal Aspects of the Definition (Type Two)......Page 169
Mistakes about Factual Elements of Justification (Type Three)......Page 171
Putative Justification Negates the Required Intent......Page 172
Strict Liability: The Mistake Is Deemed Irrelevant......Page 173
Putative Justification Is Itself Justification......Page 174
Reasonable Mistake as an Excuse......Page 175
Mistakes about the Factual Elements of Excuses (Type Five)......Page 176
Mistakes about Excusing Norms (Type Six)......Page 178
Summary of Mistakes: Relevant and Irrelevant......Page 179
10. Attempts versus Completed Offenses......Page 184
The Search for the Primary Offense......Page 185
The Structure of Attempts: Impossibility......Page 189
The Structure of Attempts: Abandonment......Page 194
11. Perpetration versus Complicity......Page 201
The Formal Equivalence of Perpetrators and Accomplices......Page 203
The Differentiation of Perpetrators from Other Participants......Page 207
Two Problematic Variations......Page 210
The Expansion of Corporate Criminal Liability......Page 214
12. Justice versus Legality......Page 219
The Complexities of Legality......Page 220
The Legal Nature of the Twelve Basic Distinctions......Page 224
Implicit Principles......Page 225
A......Page 228
C......Page 229
G......Page 230
H......Page 231
J......Page 232
M......Page 233
P......Page 234
S......Page 235
W......Page 236