Basic biomechanics

Title page
Copyright page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1: What Is Biomechanics?
	Biomechanics: Definition and Perspective
		What Problems Are Studied by Biomechanists?
		Why Study Biomechanics?
	Problem-Solving Approach
		Quantitative versus Qualitative Problems
		Solving Qualitative Problems
		Formal versus Informal Problems
		Solving Formal Quantitative Problems
		Units of Measurement
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 2: Kinematic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
	Forms of Motion
		Linear Motion
		Angular Motion
		General Motion
		Mechanical Systems
	Standard Reference Terminology
		Anatomical Reference Position
		Directional Terms
		Anatomical Reference Planes
		Anatomical Reference Axes
	Joint Movement Terminology
		Sagittal Plane Movements
		Frontal Plane Movements
		Transverse Plane Movements
		Other Movements
	Spatial Reference Systems
	Analyzing Human Movement
		Prerequisite Knowledge for a Qualitative Analysis
		Planning a Qualitative Analysis
		Conducting a Qualitative Analysis
	Tools for Measuring Kinematic Quantities
		Video and Film
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 3: Kinetic Concepts for Analyzing Human Motion
	Basic Concepts Related to Kinetics
		Inertia
		Mass
		Force
		Center of Gravity
		Weight
		Pressure
		Volume
		Density
		Torque
		Impulse
	Mechanical Loads on the Human Body
		Compression, Tension, and Shear
		Mechanical Stress
		Torsion, Bending, and Combined Loads
	The Effects of Loading
		Repetitive versus Acute Loads
	Tools for Measuring Kinetic Quantities
	Vector Algebra
		Vector Composition
		Vector Resolution
		Graphic Solution of Vector Problems
		Trigonometric Solution of Vector Problems
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 4: The Biomechanics of Human Bone Growth and Development
	Composition and Structure of Bone Tissue
		Material Constituents
		Structural Organization
		Types of Bones
	Bone Growth and Development
		Longitudinal Growth
		Circumferential Growth
		Adult Bone Development
	Bone Response to Stress
		Bone Modeling and Remodeling
		Bone Hypertrophy
		Bone Atrophy
	Osteoporosis
		Postmenopausal and Age-Associated Osteoporosis
		Female Athlete Triad
		Preventing and Treating Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
	Common Bone Injuries
		The Biomechanics of Bone Fractures
		Epiphyseal Injuries
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 5: The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Articulations
	Joint Architecture
		Immovable Joints
		Slightly Movable Joints
		Freely Movable Joints
		Articular Cartilage
		Articular Fibrocartilage
		Articular Connective Tissue
	Joint Stability
		Shape of the Articulating Bone Surfaces
		Arrangement of Ligaments and Muscles
		Other Connective Tissues
	Joint Flexibility
		Measuring Joint Range of Motion
		Factors Influencing Joint Flexibility
		Flexibility and Injury
	Techniques for Increasing Joint Flexibility
		Neuromuscular Response to Stretch
		Active and Passive Stretching
		Ballistic, Static, and Dynamic Stretching
		Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
	Common Joint Injuries and Pathologies
		Sprains
		Dislocations
		Bursitis
		Arthritis
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Osteoarthritis
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 6: The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Muscle
	Behavioral Properties of the Musculotendinous Unit
		Extensibility and Elasticity
		Irritability and the Ability to Develop Tension
	Structural Organization of Skeletal Muscle
		Muscle Fibers
		Motor Units
		Fiber Types
		Fiber Architecture
	Skeletal Muscle Function
		Recruitment of Motor Units
		Change in Muscle Length with Tension Development
		Roles Assumed by Muscles
		Two-Joint and Multijoint Muscles
	Factors Affecting Muscular Force Generation
		Force–Velocity Relationship
		Length–Tension Relationship
		Stretch-Shortening Cycle
		Electromyography
		Electromechanical Delay
	Muscular Strength, Power, and Endurance
		Muscular Strength
		Muscular Power
		Muscular Endurance
		Muscle Fatigue
		Effect of Muscle Temperature
	Common Muscle Injuries
		Strains
		Contusions
		Cramps
		Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
		Compartment Syndrome
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 7: The Biomechanics of the Human Upper Extremity
	Structure of the Shoulder
		Sternoclavicular Joint
		Acromioclavicular Joint
		Coracoclavicular Joint
		Glenohumeral Joint
		Scapulothoracic Joint
		Bursae
	Movements of the Shoulder Complex
		Muscles of the Scapula
		Muscles of the Glenohumeral Joint
		Flexion at the Glenohumeral Joint
		Extension at the Glenohumeral Joint
		Abduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
		Adduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
		Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Humerus
		Horizontal Adduction and Abduction at the Glenohumeral Joint
	Loads on the Shoulder
	Common Injuries of the Shoulder
		Dislocations
		Rotator Cuff Damage
		Rotational Injuries
		Subscapular Neuropathy
	Structure of the Elbow
		Humeroulnar Joint
		Humeroradial Joint
		Proximal Radioulnar Joint
		Carrying Angle
	Movements at the Elbow
		Muscles Crossing the Elbow
		Flexion and Extension
		Pronation and Supination
	Loads on the Elbow
	Common Injuries of the Elbow
		Sprains and Dislocations
		Overuse Injuries
	Structure of the Wrist
	Movements of the Wrist
		Flexion
		Extension and Hyperextension
		Radial and Ulnar Deviation
	Structure of the Joints of the Hand
		Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
		Metacarpophalangeal Joints
		Interphalangeal Joints
	Movements of the Hand
	Common Injuries of the Wrist and Hand
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 8: The Biomechanics of the Human Lower Extremity
	Structure of the Hip
	Movements at the Hip
		Muscles of the Hip
		Flexion
		Extension
		Abduction
		Adduction
		Medial and Lateral Rotation of the Femur
		Horizontal Abduction and Adduction
	Loads on the Hip
	Common Injuries of the Hip
		Fractures
		Contusions
		Strains
	Structure of the Knee
		Tibiofemoral Joint
		Menisci
		Ligaments
		Patellofemoral Joint
		Joint Capsule and Bursae
	Movements at the Knee
		Muscles Crossing the Knee
		Flexion and Extension
		Rotation and Passive Abduction and Adduction
		Patellofemoral Joint Motion
	Loads on the Knee
		Forces at the Tibiofemoral Joint
		Forces at the Patellofemoral Joint
	Common Injuries of the Knee and Lower Leg
		Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
		Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
		Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries
		Meniscus Injuries
		Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome
		Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
		Shin Splints
	Structure of the Ankle
	Movements at the Ankle
	Structure of the Foot
		Subtalar Joint
		Tarsometatarsal and Intermetatarsal Joints
		Metatarsophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
		Plantar Arches
	Movements of the Foot
		Muscles of the Foot
		Toe Flexion and Extension
		Inversion and Eversion
		Pronation and Supination
	Loads on the Foot
	Common Injuries of the Ankle and Foot
		Ankle Injuries
		Overuse Injuries
		Alignment Anomalies of the Foot
		Injuries Related to High and Low Arch Structures
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 9: The Biomechanics of the Human Spine
	Structure of the Spine
		Vertebral Column
		Vertebrae
		Intervertebral Discs
		Ligaments
		Spinal Curves
	Movements of the Spine
		Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension
		Lateral Flexion and Rotation
	Muscles of the Spine
		Anterior Aspect
		Posterior Aspect
		Lateral Aspect
	Loads on the Spine
	Common Injuries of the Back and Neck
		Low Back Pain
		Soft-Tissue Injuries
		Acute Fractures
		Stress Fractures
		Disc Herniations
		Whiplash Injuries
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 10: Linear Kinematics of Human Movement
	Linear Kinematic Quantities
		Distance and Displacement
		Speed and Velocity
	Acceleration
		Average and Instantaneous Quantities
	Kinematics of Projectile Motion
		Horizontal and Vertical Components
		Influence of Gravity
		Influence of Air Resistance
	Factors Influencing Projectile Trajectory
		Projection Angle
		Projection Speed
		Relative Projection Height
		Optimum Projection Conditions
	Analyzing Projectile Motion
		Equations of Constant Acceleration
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 11: Angular Kinematics of Human Movement
	Observing the Angular Kinematics of Human Movement
	Measuring Angles
		Joint Angles and Body Segment Orientations
		Tools for Measuring Body Angles
		Instant Center of Rotation
	Angular Kinematic Relationships
		Angular Distance and Displacement
		Angular Speed and Velocity
		Angular Acceleration
		Angular Motion Vectors
		Average versus Instantaneous Angular Quantities
	Relationships Between Linear and Angular Motion
		Linear and Angular Displacement
		Linear and Angular Velocity
		Linear and Angular Acceleration
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 12: Linear Kinetics of Human Movement
	Newton’s Laws
		Law of Inertia
		Law of Acceleration
		Law of Reaction
		Law of Gravitation
	Mechanical Behavior of Bodies in Contact
		Friction
		Momentum
		Impulse
		Impact
	Work, Power, and Energy Relationships
		Work
		Power
		Energy
		Conservation of Mechanical Energy
		Principle of Work and Energy
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 13: Equilibrium and Human Movement
	Equilibrium
		Torque
		Resultant Joint Torques
		Levers
		Anatomical Levers
		Equations of Static Equilibrium
		Equations of Dynamic Equilibrium
	Center of Gravity
		Locating the Center of Gravity
		Locating the Human Body Center of Gravity
	Stability and Balance
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 14: Angular Kinetics of Human Movement
	Resistance to Angular Acceleration
		Moment of Inertia
		Determining Moment of Inertia
		Human Body Moment of Inertia
	Angular Momentum
		Conservation of Angular Momentum
		Transfer of Angular Momentum
		Change in Angular Momentum
	Angular Analogues of Newton’s Laws of Motion
		Newton’s First Law
		Newton’s Second Law
		Newton’s Third Law
	Centripetal Force
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Chapter 15: Human Movement in a Fluid Medium
	The Nature of Fluids
		Relative Motion
		Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
		Fluid Properties
	Buoyancy
		Characteristics of the Buoyant Force
		Flotation
		Flotation of the Human Body
	Drag
		Skin Friction
		Form Drag
		Wave Drag
	Lift Force
		Foil Shape
		Magnus Effect
	Propulsion in a Fluid Medium
		Propulsive Drag Theory
		Propulsive Lift Theory
		Stroke Technique
	Summary
	Introductory Problems
	Additional Problems
	Laboratory Experiences
Appendices
	A Basic Mathematics and Related Skills
	B Trigonometric Functions
	C Common Units of Measurement
	D Anthropometric Parameters for the Human Body
Glossary
Index
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