Bacterial Evasion of Host Immune Responses

Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 17
PART I Recognition of bacteria......Page 19
1.2.1 The dendritic cell family......Page 21
1.2.2 Relationship between dendritic cells and macrophages......Page 24
1.3 DENDRITIC CELLS AND BACTERIAL IMMUNE RESPONSES......Page 26
1.3.2 Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and bacterial recognition......Page 27
1.3.3 How do dendritic cells process bacterial antigens?......Page 28
1.3.4 Dendritic cells as a means of bacterial invasion – sentinels or Trojan horses?......Page 29
1.4 DENDRITIC CELLS AND THE GUT FLORA – A PARADOX?......Page 30
1.5 CONCLUSION......Page 31
REFERENCES......Page 32
2.2 EVOLUTION OF CD1......Page 39
2.3 TISSUE DISTRIBUTION OF CD1......Page 40
2.5 CD1 AND ANTIGEN PRESENTATION......Page 41
2.6 CD1-RESTRICTED T LYMPHOCYTES......Page 44
2.7 CD1 AND ANTIGEN INTERACTION......Page 45
2.9 INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING OF CD1......Page 46
2.10 CD1 AND MYCOBACTERIAL INFECTIONS......Page 48
2.11 CONCLUSION......Page 50
REFERENCES......Page 51
3.2 EARLY WORK ON Bcg......Page 57
3.3 REVERSE GENETICS APPROACH TO CLONING Nramp1......Page 58
3.4 DEMONSTRATION THAT Nramp1 IS Bcg......Page 59
3.6 THE Nramp FAMILY......Page 60
3.7 Nramp PROTEINS AND METAL CATION TRANSPORT......Page 61
3.8 Nramp AND HUMAN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INTRACELLULAR PATHOGENS......Page 63
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 65
PART II Evasion of humoral immunity......Page 71
4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 73
4.2 BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM......Page 75
4.3 THE INVOLVEMENT OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM IN ANTI-BACTERIAL DEFENCES......Page 78
4.4 BACTERIAL EVASION OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM......Page 80
4.5 BACTERIAL CELL SURFACES AND COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION......Page 83
4.6 BACTERIAL PROTEINASES AND ANAPHYLATOXINS......Page 84
4.7 EVASION USING RCA PROTEINS......Page 85
4.8 TARGETING THE LYTIC PATHWAY......Page 87
4.9 UTILISATION OF THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM......Page 88
REFERENCES......Page 89
5.2 IgA PROTEASE-PRODUCING BACTERIA......Page 99
5.3 CONVERGENT EVOLUTION OF IgA PROTEASES......Page 101
5.4 SPECIFIC ADAPTATION TO HOST AND HABITAT......Page 103
5.5 IN VIVO ACTIVITY......Page 104
5.6 BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF IgA CLEAVAGE......Page 106
5.7 ALTERNATIVE SUBSTRATES AND FUNCTIONS OF IgA PROTEASES......Page 108
5.9 OTHER MICROBIAL PROTEASES WITH IMMUNOGLOBULIN-CLEAVING ACTIVITY......Page 109
5.10 EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL GLYCOSIDASES......Page 110
5.11 Ig-BINDING PROTEINS......Page 111
5.12 CONCLUSION......Page 112
REFERENCES......Page 113
6.2 SECTION 1: PHASE VARIATION, ITS CHARACTERISTICS AND HOW IT WORKS......Page 121
6.2.1 The capacity to generate diversity......Page 124
6.2.2 Stability in the presence of instability......Page 125
6.3.1 Phase variation in Borrelia......Page 126
6.3.2 The association between phase variation and antigenic variation......Page 127
6.3.3 Haemophilus LPS variation in vivo......Page 129
6.3.4 Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae......Page 131
6.4 CONCLUSION......Page 134
REFERENCES......Page 135
PART III Evasion of cellular immunity......Page 143
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 145
7.2 TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEMS......Page 146
7.3 SECRETION AND DELIVERY OF EFFECTOR PROTEINS BY YERSINIA AND P.AERUGINOSA......Page 147
7.4 ROLE OF TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEMS IN BACTERIAL INFECTIONS......Page 150
7.4.1 P.aeruginosa infections......Page 152
7.4.2 Yersinia infections......Page 153
7.5 INHIBITION OF PHAGOCYTOSIS......Page 154
7.6.1 The Yersinia effector YopH......Page 156
7.6.2 Role of the YopH targets in normal cell function......Page 158
7.6.3 Immediate early targeting of focal complex structures by YopH......Page 160
7.7 SptP OF SALMONELLA......Page 161
7.8.1 Yersinia effectors interfering with Rho GTPases......Page 163
7.8.2 The Yersinia effector YopE......Page 164
7.8.3 The Pseudomonas aeruginosa effectors Exoenzyme S and T......Page 166
7.8.4 SptPof Salmonella......Page 169
7.9 CONCLUSIONS......Page 171
REFERENCES......Page 172
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 189
8.2.1 Superantigens stimulate T cells via the Vbeta-region of TcR......Page 192
8.3 SAGs REQUIRE MHC CLASS II FOR FUNCTION......Page 193
8.3.1 The staphylococcal and streptococcal SAG family......Page 194
8.5 ALLELIC VARIATION OF SAGs IN STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES......Page 196
8.6 SAGs FROM OTHER BACTERIA......Page 197
8.7.1 Mouse mammary tumor virus......Page 198
8.7.3 Cytomegalovirus (CMV)......Page 199
8.8.2 Staphylococcal food poisoning......Page 200
8.8.3 Toxic Shock Syndrome......Page 201
8.8.5 Streptococcal throat and rheumatic fever......Page 202
8.8.7 SAGs in autoimmune diseases......Page 203
8.9 THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE STAPHYLOCOCCAL AND STREPTOCOCCAL SUPERANTIGENS......Page 204
8.10 HOW DO SAGs BIND TO THE TcR?......Page 208
8.11 SAG STIMULATION OF T CELLS......Page 209
8.12 WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF SAGs?......Page 210
REFERENCES......Page 211
Abbreviations and nomenclature.......Page 219
9.2 COMPARTMENTALISED IMMUNE RESPONSES TO PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS......Page 220
9.3.1 Quorum sensing networks in Pseudomonas aeruginosa......Page 223
9.5 QSMs AND IMMUNITY TO PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA......Page 225
9.6 CONCLUSION......Page 233
REFERENCES......Page 234
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 241
10.2 CYTOKINE NETWORKS......Page 242
10.3 BACTERIA AND CYTOKINE NETWORKS......Page 246
10.4 THE NORMAL MICROBIOTA AND THE COMMENSAL PARADOX......Page 248
10.5 BACTERIAL EVASION OF PROTECTIVE PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE NETWORKS......Page 249
10.6 MICROBIAL INHIBITION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE NETWORKS......Page 250
10.6.1 Bacterial proteins or mechanisms inhibiting cytokine synthesis......Page 251
10.6.2 Bacterial proteinases and cytokine inactivation/activation......Page 252
10.6.3 Bacterial receptors for cyokines......Page 254
10.7 CONCLUSION......Page 255
REFERENCES......Page 256
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 261
11.2.1 Introduction......Page 263
11.2.2 Effect of CT on antigen-presenting cells......Page 264
11.2.3 Effect of CT on T lymphocytes......Page 265
11.2.4 Effect of CT in vivo......Page 267
11.2.5 Clinical application of CT......Page 269
11.2.6 Summary......Page 270
11.3.1 Introduction......Page 271
11.3.3 Effect of LT on T cells......Page 272
11.3.4 Effect of LT in vivo......Page 273
11.3.5 Clinical application of LT......Page 274
11.4.1 Introduction......Page 275
11.4.3 Effect of Stx on mixed mononuclear cell populations......Page 276
11.4.5 Summary......Page 277
11.5.2 Effect of C. difficile toxins on antigen-presenting cells......Page 278
11.5.3 Effect of C. difficile toxins in vivo......Page 279
11.6.2 Effect of lymphostatin on T cells......Page 280
11.6.4 Summary......Page 281
REFERENCES......Page 282
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 297
12.2 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NF-KappaB: THE MASTER REGULATOR OF THE HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE......Page 298
12.3 TARGETING OF THE NF-KappaB PATHWAY BY PATHOGENIC AND NONPATHOGENIC BACTERIA IN THE GUT......Page 300
12.4 THE YERSINIA TYPE III PROTEIN SECRETION MACHINERY: A PROTOTYPICAL TOOL FOR SUBVERTING THE PHAGOCYTE......Page 301
12.5 SUPPRESSION OF THE HOST CELL CYTOKINE PRODUCTION......Page 303
12.6 TRIGGERING MACROPHAGE CELL DEATH BY APOPTOSIS......Page 304
12.7 IS YopP/J A UNIQUE BACTERIAL EFFECTOR PROTEIN?......Page 307
REFERENCES......Page 308
Index......Page 313