Bacon to Kant: An Introduction to Modern Philosophy

Title Page
Contents
Preface
Introduction
	The Medieval Period
	The Modern Period
	An Historical Approach
Part One
 -  The Rationalists
	Biography: Descartes (1596-1650)
	Chapter 1  - Descartes:  The Method of Doubt and the Cogito
		Comments on the Three Stages
		What Is Descartes’ Method of Doubt?
		Some Criticisms of Descartes’ Skepticism
		The Cogito as the End of Doubt
		The Interpretation of the Cogito
		A Famous Criticism of the Cogito
		Conclusion
	Chapter 2 - Descartes: God
		The Classification of Ideas
		The Idea of God
		The First Proof of the Existence of God
		The Second Argument for the Existence of God
		The Cartesian Circle
		False Beliefs
		Summary
	Chapter 3 - Descartes: Mind and Body
		Thinking Substance
		The Existence of Material Things
		The Nature of Matter
		Rationalism and Science
		Primary and Secondary Qualities
		The Real Distinction
		The Nature of Descartes’ Dualism
		Some Criticisms of Dualism
		The Causal Analysis of Mind
		Materialism
	Biography: Spinoza (1632-1677)
	Chapter 4 - Spinoza: God and Substance
		A Preliminary Overview
		Spinoza’s Proofs
		A General Review
		Finite Modes
		Conclusion
	Chapter 5 - Spinoza: The Nature of the Mind
		God’s Causality and Science
		The Infinite and Eternal Modes
		The Attributes
		Extension and Thought
		The Mind And The Body
		The Mind as the Idea of the Body
		All Things Have Souls
		Materialism
		No Ownership of Ideas
		The Reality of Finite Minds
	Chapter 6 - Spinoza: Theory of Knowledge
		Kinds of Knowledge
		Truth and Falsity
		Determinism and Free Will
	Biography: Leibniz (1646-1716)
	Chapter 7 - Leibniz: Truth and Reason
		Truth
		Finite and Infinite Analysis
		Primitive Concepts
		Substances and Complete Concepts
		The Principle of Sufficient Reason
		Contingent Truths and Existence
		Contingency and God’s Free Choice
		Contingency and Sufficient Reason
		The Principle of the Best
	Chapter 8 - Leibniz: Monads
		Relations
		Substance
		The Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles
		Monads
		Monads and Causality
		Monads and Mirrors
		Points of View
		Pre-Established Harmony
	Chapter 9 - Leibniz: God and Space
		The Ontological Argument
		The Cosmological Argument
		The Argument from Pre-Established Harmony
		Existence
		Extension
		Matter
		Space and Time
	Part One: Conclusion
		Rationalism
		Consequences of the Principle
		Some Differences among Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz
Part Two
 -  The Empiricists
	Biography: Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
	Chapter 10 - Bacon: The Philosophy of Science
		The Criticism of False Learning
		The Idols of the Mind
		The Classification of Knowledge
		The New Method of Induction
		Some Criticisms
		The Theory of Forms
	Biography: Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
	Chapter 11 - Hobbes: Science and Nature
		The Nature of Science
		Cause and Explanation
		Philosophy of Nature
		Space and Time
		Sensation
		God
	Chapter 12 - Hobbes: From Psychology to Politics
		Motivation
		Psychological Egoism
		War and Conflict
		Natural Rights and Law
		The Covenant
	Biography: John Locke (1632-1704)
	Chapter 13 - Locke: Ideas and Qualities
		The Role of Ideas
		Innate Ideas
		The Origin of Ideas
		Simple and Complex Ideas
		Primary and Secondary Qualities
		Arguments for the Distinction
		Some Famous Criticisms of the Resemblance Thesis
		Locke’s Theory of Perception
		Representations and Skepticism
		Representations and Qualities
		Summary
	Chapter 14 - Locke: The Formation of Complex Ideas
		Modes
		Substance in General
		Substance and Empiricism
		A Problem with the Notion of Pure Substratum
		Relations: Causality
		Identity and Diversity
		Personal Identity
		Locke’s Rejection of Other Theories
		Some Well-Known Criticisms of Locke
		Conclusion
	Chapter 15 - Locke: Language and Knowledge
		Locke’s Theory of Language
		Some Popular Criticisms
		General Words: A Problem
		Another Problem: Classification
		Real and Nominal Essence
		Definition
		Natural Kinds
		Real Essence and Substance in General
		Knowledge: Some Preliminaries
		Locke and Descartes
		The Agreement between Our Ideas
		Degrees of Knowledge
		The Extent of Knowledge
	Chapter 16 - Locke: Morality and Politics
		Moral Knowledge
		Three Characterizations of Morality
		The Unity of the Three
		Aims of the Two Treatises on Government
		Against the Divine Right of Kings
		Consent
		Trust
		Property Rights
		The Historical Background
	Biography: George Berkeley (1685-1753)
	Chapter 17 - Berkeley: The Denial of Matter
		Abstract Ideas
		Ideas of Sense
		The Argument from Illusion
		How Berkeley Uses This Argument
		Another Argument
		A Criticism of the Argument from Illusion
		An Alternative View of Perception: Direct Realism
		Primary and Secondary Qualities
		Sensible Objects
		External Objects
		Material Substance
		Conclusion
	Chapter 18 - Berkeley: God and Minds
		Answers to Some Objections
		Common Sense
		Unperceived Objects
		A Causal Argument for God
		Another Argument for God: Continuity
		A Nonstandard Interpretation
		The Spirit or Mind
		Other Minds
		Conclusion
	Biography: David Hume (1711-1776)
	Chapter 19 - Hume: Ideas and Impressions
		Ideas and Impressions
		Simple and Complex Perceptions
		Association
		Belief
		Some Problems
	Chapter 20 - Hume: Causation
		Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact
		The Causal Relation
		Universal Causal Axiom
		The Idea of Cause
		A Brief Overview
		Particular Causal Inferences: Inductive Skepticism
		The Need for Uniformity
		The Five Strands
		The Naturalistic Explanation
		The Two Definitions of Cause
		An Alternative Interpretation of Hume
		Some Kantian Challenges
	Chapter 21 - Hume: Material Bodies and Identity
		The Senses and Reason
		Imagination
		Constancy and Coherence
		Identity
		Constancy
		Mental Substance
		Personal Identity
		Some Problems
	Chapter 22 - Hume: Morality and Passion
		The Passions
		Against Moral Rationalism
		Virtue and Justice
		Moral Evaluation
	Part Two - Conclusion
		Empiricism
		Some Comparisons
		Development
Part Three
 -  Enlightenment Thinkers: Rousseau and Kant
	Biography: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
	Chapter 23 - Rousseau: The Social Contract
		The Original State of Nature
		The Corruption of Society
		Social Contract
		Government
		Romanticism
	Biography: Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
	Chapter 24 - Kant: The Transcendental Aesthetic
		Kant’s Aims
		Transcendental Idealism
		The Transcendental Aesthetic
		The Metaphysical Exposition of Space
		The Argument from Geometry
		Non-Euclidean Geometry
		Time
		Arithmetic
		Conclusion
	Chapter 25 - Kant: The Analytic of Concepts
		Concepts
		The Metaphysical Deduction
		The Transcendental Deduction
		The Transcendental Unity of Apperception
		Objectivity and Experience
		Noumenal Psychology
		Conclusion
	Chapter 26 - Kant: The Analytic of Principles
		The Schematism
		The First Analogy
		Strawson’s Alternative Interpretation
		Another Argument
		Substance
		Causation
		The Main Argument of the Second Analogy
		Strawson’s Objection
		The Second Analogy
		The Third Analogy
		Refutation of Idealism
		Transcendental Idealism
		Phenomena and Noumena
	Chapter 27 - Kant: The Transcendental Dialectic
		Paralogisms
		The First Paralogism: Substance
		The Second and Third Paralogisms
		The Antinomies
		The First Antinomy: Time
		The First Antinomy: Space
		The Second Antinomy: Simples
		The Third Antinomy: Freedom
		The Fourth Antinomy: God
		Conclusion
	Chapter 28 - Kant: Morality
		Kant’s Aims and Strategy
		The First Chapter
		Versions of the Categorical Imperative
		The Argument of the Deduction
		The Metaphysics of Freedom
		Some Problems
		Virtue Theory
		Political Theory
Suggested Reading
Notes
Glossary
Index