AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Pearson New International Edition: Using Assembly and C

Found in this Section:1. Brief Table of Contents2. Full Table of Contents  1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Curiosity, Creativity, and CommitmentChapter 2 Research is a Process of InquiryChapter 3 The Starting Point: Asking QuestionsChapter 4 Data and the Nature of MeasurementChapter 5 Statistical Analysis of DataChapter 6 Field Research: Naturalistic and Case Study ResearchChapter 7 Correlational and Differential Methods of ResearchChapter 8 Hypothesis Testing, Validity, and Threats to ValidityChapter 9 Controls to Reduce Threats to ValidityChapter 10 Single-Variable, Independent-Groups DesignsChapter 11 Correlated-Groups and Single-Subject DesignsChapter 12 Factorial DesignsChapter 13 A Second Look at Field Research: Field Experiments, Program Evaluation, and Survey ResearchAppendix A Using the Student Resource WebsiteAppendix B Writing a Research Report in APA Publication StyleAppendix C Conducting Library ResearchAppendix D Selecting Statistical ProceduresAppendix E Research Design ChecklistAppendix F Meta-AnalysisAppendix G Random NumbersAppendix H Answers to Quick-Check Review Questions GlossaryReferencesName IndexSubject Index 2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Curiosity, Creativity, and CommitmentClassic Studies 1.1: Kitty Genovese and Bystander ApathyScienceScience Is a Way of ThinkingAsking QuestionsHistorical Lesson 1.1: The Three Princes of SerendipScience and ArtHistorical Lesson 1.2: Leonardo da VinciAcquiring KnowledgeTenacityIntuitionAuthorityRationalismEmpiricismScienceEmergence of ScienceEarly CivilizationGreek ScienceMedieval ScienceThe Scientific RevolutionThe Goals of SciencePsychologyThe History of PsychologyStructuralismFunctionalismPsychodynamicsGestalt PsychologyBehaviorismHumanistic PsychologyCognitive PsychologyWomen and Minorities in PsychologyModern PsychologyThe Science of PsychologyThe Cost of Neglect 1.4: Science and Pseudoscience Ethical PrinciplesUsing the Resources of this Text Exploring the Student Resource WebsiteUsing SPSS for WindowsSummaryPutting It into Practice Exercises Chapter 2: Research is a Process of InquiryThe Scientific ProcessBasic Assumptions of ScienceObservation and Inference: Facts and Constructs Inductive and Deductive Thinking Models and Theories in ScienceHistorical Lesson 2.1: The Wright Brothers as Scientists Types of TheoriesScientific ModelsA Model of the Research ProcessPhases of ResearchIdea-Generating PhaseProblem-Definition PhaseProcedures-Design PhaseObservation PhaseData Analysis PhaseInterpretation PhaseCommunication PhaseLevels of ConstraintNaturalistic ObservationCase Study Research (Case Study Research)Correlational ResearchDifferential ResearchExperimental ResearchMoving from One Constraint Level to AnotherEthical PrinciplesSummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises  Chapter 3: The Starting Point: Asking QuestionsAsking and Refining QuestionsPursuing Your Personal InterestsFollowing Up on the Work of Others Historical Lesson 3.1 Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace Basic, Applied, and Translational Research Box 3.1 Translational Research Refining Questions for Research Types of Variables in ResearchClassifying Variables Based on Their CharacteristicsBehavioral VariablesStimulus VariablesOrganismic VariablesClassifying Variables Based on Their Use in ResearchIndependent and Dependent VariablesExtraneous VariablesVariables and ConstantsValidity and the Control of Extraneous VariablesEthical Principles Ethical Principles for Human ResearchInstitutional Review BoardsEthical ChecksEthics and Diversity Issues in ResearchEthical Principles for Animal ResearchSummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises Chapter 4: Data and the Nature of MeasurementMeasurementThe Cost of Neglect 4.1: Missing Mars Scales of MeasurementNominal ScalesOrdinal ScalesInterval ScalesRatio ScalesMeasuring and Manipulating VariablesMeasurement ErrorOperational DefinitionsEvaluating Measures ReliabilityInterrater ReliabilityTest-Retest ReliabilityInternal Consistency ReliabilityEffective RangeValidityThe Need for Objective MeasurementEthical Principles SummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises Chapter 5: Statistical Analysis of DataIndividual Differences Organizing DataFrequency DistributionsNominal and Ordinal DataScore DataGraphical Representation of DataDescriptive StatisticsMeasures of Central TendencyThe Cost of Neglect 5.1: Lies, Damn Lies, and StatisticsMeasures of VariabilityUnderstanding the Concept 5.1: Degrees of FreedomMeasures of RelationshipPearson Product-Moment CorrelationOther CorrelationsRegressionReliability IndicesStandard ScoresStatistical InferencePopulations and SamplesThe Null HypothesisStatistical Decisions and Alpha LevelsType I and Type II ErrorsInferential StatisticsTesting for Mean DifferencesThe t-Test Analysis of VarianceThe Power of a Statistical TestEffect SizeEthical PrinciplesSummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises Chapter 6: Field Research: Naturalistic and Case Study ResearchThe Challenge of Low-Constraint ResearchExamples of Naturalistic ObservationBiologyHistorical Lesson 6.1: Naturalistic Research and Evolution EthologySociologyPsychologyExamples of Case Study ResearchSigmund FreudE. L. WhitmerJean PiagetContemporary Case StudiesThe Value of Low-Constraint MethodsConditions for Using Low-Constraint ResearchExploratory ResearchCreative Starting Point for ResearchFamiliarize Oneself with a New Research AreaDemonstrating FeasibilityTesting GeneralizabilityUnderstanding the Concept 6.1: The Therapist as ScientistInformation Gained from Low-Constraint ResearchIdentifying New InformationNegating a General PropositionIdentifying ContingenciesQualitative Research MethodsUsing Low-Constraint MethodsProblem Statements and Research HypothesesMaking ObservationsHow to ObserveUnobtrusive MeasuresArchival MeasuresSampling of ParticipantsSampling of SituationsSampling of BehaviorsEvaluating and Interpreting DataLimitations of Low-Constraint MethodsPoor RepresentativenessPoor ReplicabilityCausal Inference and Low-Constraint ResearchLimitations of the ObserverGoing Beyond the DataEthical Principles SummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises Chapter 7: Correlational and Differential Methods of ResearchDefining Correlational and Differential ResearchCorrelational Research MethodsDifferential Research MethodsCross-Sectional versus Longitudinal ResearchArtifacts and ConfoundingComparing These MethodsWhen to Use These MethodsConducting Correlational ResearchProblem StatementsSecondary Analyses Measuring the VariablesSamplingAnalyzing the DataInterpreting the CorrelationConducting Differential ResearchProblem StatementsMeasuring the VariablesSelecting Appropriate Control GroupsSamplingAnalyzing the DataInterpreting the DataLimitations of Correlational and Differential ResearchProblems in Determining CausationConfounding VariablesEthical Principles SummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing, Validity, and Threats to ValidityHypothesis TestingStarting Research with an Initial IdeaStatement of the ProblemOperational DefinitionsResearch HypothesisThe Contribution of Theory to the Research HypothesisTesting the Research HypothesisNull HypothesisConfounding Variable HypothesisCausal HypothesisValidity and Threats to ValidityStatistical ValidityConstruct ValidityExternal ValidityInternal ValidityMajor Confounding VariablesMaturationHistoryTestingInstrumentationRegression to the MeanSelectionAttritionDiffusion of TreatmentSequence EffectsExamples of ConfoundingSubject and Experimenter EffectsSubject EffectsExperimenter EffectsEthical Principles  SummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises Chapter 9: Controls to Reduce Threats to ValidityGeneral Control ProceduresPreparation of the SettingResponse MeasurementReplicationControl over Subject and Experimenter EffectsSingle- and Double-Blind ProceduresAutomationUsing Objective MeasuresMultiple ObserversUnderstanding the Concept 9.1: Reliable Reliability  Using DeceptionControl through Participant Selection and AssignmentParticipant SelectionRandom SamplingStratified Random SamplingAd Hoc SamplesParticipant AssignmentFree Random AssignmentRandomizing within BlocksMatched Random AssignmentOther Matching ProceduresAdvantages of Random Selection and AssignmentControl through Experimental DesignEthical Principles SummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises Chapter 10: Single-Variable, Independent-Groups DesignsVarianceSources of VarianceSystematic Between-Groups VarianceNonsystematic Within-Groups VarianceControlling Variance in ResearchMaximizing Experimental VarianceControlling Extraneous VarianceMinimizing Error VarianceNonexperimental ApproachesEx Post Facto StudiesSingle-Group, Posttest-Only StudiesSingle-Group, Pretest-Posttest StudiesPretest-Posttest, Natural Control-Group StudiesExperimental DesignsRandomized, Posttest-Only, Control-Group DesignRandomized, Pretest-Posttest, Control-Group DesignMultilevel, Completely Randomized, Between-Subjects DesignPretest-Manipulation Interaction: A Potential Problem Variations on Experimental DesignsAnalyses of VarianceUnderstanding the Concept 10.1: Statistical PowerSpecific Means Comparisons in ANOVAGraphing the DataEthical PrinciplesSummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises Chapter 11: Correlated-Groups and Single-Subject DesignsWithin-Subjects DesignsUsing Within-Subjects DesignsSequence EffectsSubtypes of Sequence EffectsControlling Sequence EffectsRandom Order of PresentationCounterbalancingAnalyzing Within-Subjects DesignsStrengths and Weaknesses of Within-Subjects DesignsMatched-Subjects DesignsUsing Matched-Subjects DesignsWhy Use Matched-Subjects DesignsIdentifying Matching VariablesThe Process of MatchingDeciding on the Matching VariablesAnalyzing Matched-Subjects DesignsStrengths and Weaknesses of Matched-Subjects DesignsSingle-Subject Experimental DesignsHistorical Lesson 11.1: Neuropsychological CasesABA Reversal DesignMultiple-Baseline DesignSingle-Subject, Randomized, Time-Series DesignReplication in Single-Subject DesignsEthical Principles SummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises Chapter 12: Factorial DesignsFactorial DesignsMain Effects and InteractionsRunning the Children\'s Dark-Fears StudyPossible Outcomes of Factorial DesignsAnalysis of Variance in Factorial DesignsVariations of Basic Factorial DesignWithin-Subjects or Repeated-Measures FactorialMixed DesignsBetween-Subjects and Within-Subjects FactorsManipulated and Nonmanipulated FactorsMixed in Both WaysANOVA: A PostscriptAnalysis of CovarianceMultivariate Analysis of VarianceEthical PrinciplesSummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises Chapter 13: A Second Look at Field Research: Field Experiments, Program Evaluation, and Survey ResearchConducting Field ResearchReasons for Doing Field ResearchTesting External ValidityStudying Effects in the FieldImproving GeneralizationDifficulties in Field ResearchFlexibility in ResearchQuasi-Experimental DesignsNonequivalent Control-Group DesignsInterrupted Time-Series DesignsProgram Evaluation ResearchHistorical Lesson 13.1: From Head Start to Heads UpPractical Problems in Program Evaluation ResearchIssues of ControlSelecting Appropriate Dependent MeasuresMinimizing Bias in Dependent MeasuresControl through Research Design in Program EvaluationTypical Program Evaluation DesignsRandomized Control-Group DesignNonequivalent Control-Group DesignSingle-Group, Time-Series DesignPretest-Posttest DesignProgram Evaluation Research: An ExampleSurveysTypes of SurveysStatus SurveysSurvey ResearchSteps in Survey ResearchTypes of Survey InstrumentsDeveloping the Survey InstrumentSampling ParticipantsSampling ConsiderationsThe Cost of Neglect 13.1: Political Polling and SamplingSampling ProceduresSample Size and Confidence IntervalsSurvey Research DesignCross-Sectional DesignLongitudinal DesignSequential DesignEthical PrinciplesSummaryPutting It into PracticeExercises A final Note to Students Appendix A: Using the Student Resource WebsiteResources AvailableStudent Resource WebsiteMySearchLab SiteWhat to Do If You Have ProblemsGetting HelpSummary Appendix B: Writing a Research Report in APA Publication StyleStructure of a Research ArticleWriting the Research ReportUsing Levels of Headings to OrganizeSections of a Research ReportTitle PageAbstractIntroductionMethodResultsDiscussionReferencesWriting StyleSummary Appendix C: Conducting Library ResearchUsing the LibraryLibrary ResourcesThe Reference LibrarianHow Research Materials Are OrganizedPrimary SourcesJournal Articles DissertationsSecondary SourcesReview ArticlesBooks and Chapters in BooksAnnual ReviewsFinding the Relevant ResearchAbstracting ServicesPsychological AbstractsERICSubject or Keyword ServicesLibrary CatalogsBooks in PrintIndex MedicusReaders\' Guide to Periodic LiteratureLiterature Citation IndexesSearch StrategiesSearching by TopicIdentifying Keywords Computer Searches Searching BackwardSearching ForwardSummary Appendix D: Selecting Statistical ProceduresSelecting Appropriate Statistical ProceduresAn Initial ExampleA Decision-Tree ModelDecision-Tree FlowchartDescribe the StudyIdentify the Study\'s Major CharacteristicsSelect Appropriate StatisticsSecondary AnalysesPost Hoc AnalysesAnalyses to Help to Interpret ResultsData SnoopingCaveats and DisclaimersUnderstanding the Concept D.1: The Robust Nature of Parametric StatisticsSummaryExercises Appendix E: Research Design ChecklistThe Research Design ChecklistInitial Problem DefinitionClarity of the Research HypothesesStatistical Analysis ProceduresTheoretical Basis and Operational DefinitionsAdequacy of the Independent Variable ManipulationAdequacy of Dependent MeasuresAre All Controls in Place?ParticipantsParticipant SelectionSample SizeParticipant AssignmentParticipant AvailabilityResearch Ethics ConsiderationsPreparation of the SettingSpace and EquipmentPersonnelAdequacy of Participant Preparation, Instruction, and ProceduresSummary Appendix F: Meta-AnalysisLogic of Meta-AnalysisLiterature ReviewsAlpha Levels and KnowledgeBeta Levels and KnowledgeMeta-Analysis and the Problem of Type II Errors Appendix G: Random Numbers Appendix H: Answers to Quick-Check Review Questions GlossaryReferencesName IndexSubject Index