Avian immunology

Front Cover......Page 1
Avian Immunology......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Foreword......Page 14
List of Contributors......Page 16
1.2 The Contribution of Avian Lymphocytes......Page 18
1.3 The Contribution of the Bursa of Fabricius......Page 19
1.3.1 Gene Conversion and the Bursa......Page 20
1.4 The Contribution of the Chicken MHC......Page 22
1.5 The Contributions to Vaccinology......Page 23
1.5.1 Embryonic (In Ovo) Vaccination......Page 24
References......Page 25
2.1 Introduction......Page 28
2.2.2 Thymic Cortex......Page 29
2.2.3 Thymic Medulla......Page 30
Bursal Surface Epithelium......Page 32
Bursal Medullary Epithelial Cells......Page 35
Bursal Secretory Dendritic Cells......Page 37
Bursal Lymphocytes......Page 38
2.4 Germinal Center of the Peripheral Lymphoid Organs......Page 39
2.5.1 Origin and Anatomy......Page 41
2.5.2 Red Pulp......Page 42
The Marginal-Zone Equivalent and Antigen Handling......Page 44
2.6 Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue......Page 46
2.6.1 Follicle-Associated Epithelium or Lymphoepithelium......Page 48
2.6.4 Meckel’s Diverticulum......Page 49
2.7 Harderian and Conjuctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue......Page 50
2.8 Mural Lymph Node......Page 53
2.9 Ectopic Lymphatic Tissue and Pineal Gland......Page 54
2.10 Bone Marrow......Page 55
2.11 Blood......Page 57
References......Page 58
3.2.2 Macrophage Production by the Yolk Sac......Page 62
3.3.3 Tracing the Origins and Fates of the Aortic Clusters......Page 63
3.4.2 Chimeric Origin of the Aortic Endothelial Cells......Page 65
3.4.5 Hematopoietic Production by the Mammalian Allantois and the Placenta......Page 66
3.5.3 T Cell Differentiation......Page 68
3.5.4 TCR Rearrangement......Page 69
3.6.2 Bursal Development......Page 70
3.6.3 Hematopoietic Colonization of the Bursal Rudiment and Follicle Bud Formation......Page 72
3.6.5 Immunoglobulins......Page 74
3.8.1 Early Immune Responses......Page 75
3.9 Conclusions......Page 76
References......Page 77
4.2.1 Immunoglobulin Light Chains......Page 82
4.2.2 Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains......Page 83
4.2.3 Generation of Ig Molecules by V(D)J Recombination......Page 85
4.2.4 Generation of Ig Diversity by Somatic Gene Conversion......Page 86
4.3.1 Pre-Bursal B Cell Development......Page 88
4.3.2 Colonization of the Bursa by B Cell Progenitors......Page 89
4.3.3 Colonization of Lymphoid Follicles in the Bursa......Page 90
4.3.4 Growth of Bursal B Cells in Bursal Follicles......Page 93
4.3.5 Development of the Bursa after Hatch......Page 94
4.3.6 Development of Peripheral B Cell Populations......Page 96
4.3.7 Activation of Peripheral B Cells......Page 98
4.3.9 Cytokines in Chicken B Cell Development and Activation......Page 99
References......Page 101
5.2.1 Somatic DNA Recombination......Page 108
TCRα/δ Cluster......Page 109
TCRβ Cluster......Page 110
5.3.2 Chicken CD3γ/δ and CD3ε......Page 111
5.3.4 TCR Complex: Structural Models......Page 112
5.4 CD4 and CD8......Page 113
5.5 Co-Stimulatory Molecules......Page 114
5.6 T Cell Lineages......Page 115
References......Page 116
6.1 The Basic Structure of Immunoglobulins......Page 120
6.2.1 Avian IgM......Page 121
6.2.2 Avian IgY (IgG)......Page 122
6.2.3 Avian IgA......Page 123
6.2.6 Genomic Organization of the IgH Locus......Page 124
6.4 Natural Antibodies......Page 125
6.5 Maternal Antibodies......Page 126
6.6.5 CHIR-AB1......Page 128
6.7 Avian Antibody Responses......Page 129
6.8 The Chicken Egg as a Source of Antibodies......Page 130
References......Page 131
7.1 Introduction......Page 138
Acute Phase Proteins......Page 140
α1-Acid Glycoprotein......Page 141
Collagenous Lectins......Page 142
Mannan-Binding Lectin......Page 143
Other Collectins......Page 144
7.2.3 The Complement System......Page 145
Classical Pathway......Page 146
Alternative Pathway......Page 147
Membrane Attack Complex......Page 148
Potential NK Cell Receptor Families......Page 149
NK Cell Function......Page 150
7.4 Pattern Recognition Receptors......Page 151
The Avian TLR Repertoire......Page 152
TLR3......Page 153
TLR7 and TLR8......Page 154
Avian TLR without Mammalian Orthologs: chTLR15 and chTLR21......Page 155
NLRs......Page 156
7.4.3 General Considerations in Pattern Recognition......Page 157
References......Page 158
8.1 Introduction......Page 166
8.2 The Classical Chicken MHC is Small, Simple and Rearranged......Page 167
8.3 The Classical Chicken MHC Encodes Single Dominantly Expressed Classical Class I and II Molecules......Page 170
8.4 The Properties of Single Dominantly Expressed Class I and II Molecules Can Explain Responses to Pathogens and Vaccines......Page 171
8.5 The Presence of a Single Dominantly Expressed Class I Molecule is Due To co-Evolution with Tap and Tapasin......Page 174
8.6 The Chicken MHC Provides Insights Into the Primordial MHC and the Subsequent Evolution of the MHC......Page 175
References......Page 178
9.1.1 Antigen Presentation......Page 186
9.1.4 Development of Myeloid Cells......Page 187
9.1.5 Sources for Avian Macrophages and Dendritic Cells......Page 188
9.2 Avian Myeloid Cell Lines......Page 191
9.2.1 Cell Surface Markers for Avian Myeloid Cells......Page 192
9.2.2 Macrophage Migration......Page 193
9.2.3 Phagocytosis......Page 194
9.2.4 Nitric Oxide Production: A Readout System for Avian Macrophage Activation......Page 195
9.2.5 Cytokine Response of Avian Macrophages......Page 196
9.3.1 Maturation from Antigen Sampling to Antigen Presenting......Page 197
9.4 Migration......Page 198
References......Page 199
10.2 Description of Avian Cytokine and Chemokine Families......Page 206
10.3.1 The IL-1 Family......Page 207
10.3.3 Th1 Interleukins......Page 208
10.3.6 The Interleukin-10 Family......Page 209
10.5 The Transforming Growth Factor-β Family......Page 210
10.5.1 The Tumor Necrosis Factor Super-Family......Page 211
10.6.2 CC Chemokines......Page 212
10.7.1 Class I Receptors......Page 213
10.8 Available Reagents......Page 214
10.10 Viral Proteins that Block Cytokine Action......Page 215
10.12 Improved Vaccines Based on Viral Mutants Lacking Cytokine Antagonists......Page 216
References......Page 217
11.2 Selecting for Immunological Traits in the Chicken......Page 222
11.3 Key Gene Loci for Immunological Traits......Page 224
11.4.1 Linkage Disequilibrium......Page 225
Within-Family LD in Outbred Populations......Page 226
11.5 Statistical Procedures for QTL Detection......Page 227
11.6.1 Marker-Assisted Selection......Page 228
11.6.2 Whole-Genome Prediction......Page 229
11.7 Systems Biology......Page 230
11.8 Transgenic Animals......Page 231
11.9 Future Directions for Systems Biology in Avian Immunology......Page 232
References......Page 234
12.1 Mucosal Immune System......Page 240
References......Page 242
13.1 General Considerations......Page 244
13.2 Gut Structure and Immune Compartments......Page 245
13.2.1 Chicken GALT Structures......Page 246
The Enterocyte as Part of an Integrated Gut Immune System......Page 247
13.3 Development of the Enteric Immune System......Page 248
Development of Immunity to Enteric Pathogens......Page 250
13.4 Viral Infections of the Gut......Page 251
13.5.1 Salmonella......Page 252
13.5.2 Campylobacter......Page 254
13.6 Parasitic Infections of the GUT......Page 255
13.6.1 Eimeria spp.......Page 256
13.6.2 Other Parasitic Infections......Page 257
References......Page 258
14.2 Anatomy of the Respiratory Tract......Page 268
14.3 The Paraocular Lymphoid Tissue......Page 270
14.5 The Contribution of the Trachea to Respiratory Tract Immune Responses......Page 271
14.6 The Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue......Page 272
14.7 The Immune System in the Gas Exchange Area......Page 273
14.9 Handling of Particles in the Respiratory Tract......Page 274
14.10 The Secretory IgA System in the Respiratory Tract......Page 275
14.11 Gene Expression Analysis as a Tool to Investigate Host–Pathogen Interactions......Page 276
References......Page 277
15.2 The Structure and Function of the Avian Reproductive Tract......Page 282
15.3.2 Distribution of Macrophages and Other Cells......Page 283
The Innate Immune System and the Reproductive Tract......Page 284
15.4.2 The Immune Response to Salmonella Infection of the Reproductive Tract......Page 285
15.4.3 Viral Infections of the Reproductive Tract......Page 287
References......Page 288
16.2.1 Introduction......Page 292
16.2.2 Stress-Induced Immunosuppression......Page 293
16.2.4 Virus-Induced Immunosuppression......Page 294
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus......Page 295
Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus......Page 296
Reovirus......Page 297
Marek’s Disease Virus......Page 298
Avian Leukosis Virus and Reticuloendotheliosis Virus......Page 299
16.3.2 Apoptosis and/or Necrosis......Page 301
16.4.2 Immunoevasion Mechanism of the Avian Herpesviruses......Page 302
16.4.3 Immunoevasion Mechanism of the Avian Poxviruses......Page 303
16.4.4 Immunoevasion Mechanism of the Avian Orthomyxoviruses......Page 304
16.4.5 Immunoevasion Mechanism of the Avian Paramyxoviruses......Page 305
16.5 Conclusions......Page 306
References......Page 307
17.1.1 Stress Hormones: Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine and Glucocorticoids......Page 316
17.1.2 Sex Hormones......Page 317
Androgens......Page 318
17.1.4 Environmentally Responsive Hormones: Melatonin......Page 319
Temperature Stressors......Page 320
17.3.1 Nutritionally Critical Nutrients......Page 321
17.3.2 Immunomodulatory Nutrients......Page 322
17.3.3 Toxic Substances......Page 323
17.4 Assessment......Page 324
References......Page 325
18.1 General Characteristics of Autoimmune Diseases......Page 332
18.2.1 Introduction......Page 334
18.2.2 Development of the Smyth-Line Chicken......Page 335
18.2.4 Pigmentation and Normal Melanocyte Function......Page 336
18.2.5 Target Cell Defects......Page 337
Humoral Immunity......Page 338
Cell-Mediated Immunity......Page 339
18.2.8 Summary......Page 340
18.3.2 Development and Characteristics of OS Chickens......Page 341
18.3.3 Immunological Mechanisms......Page 342
18.3.5 Summary......Page 343
18.4.2 Development and Characteristics of the UCD 200/206 Lines......Page 344
18.4.3 Immunological Mechanisms......Page 345
References......Page 346
19.2 Tumors of the Immune System......Page 350
19.2.1 Marek’s Disease......Page 351
19.2.2 Avian Leukosis......Page 352
19.3 Oncogenic Mechanisms of Tumor Viruses......Page 353
Acute Retroviruses......Page 354
19.4.1 Immune Responses to Leukosis/Sarcoma Viruses......Page 355
19.4.3 Immune Responses to MDV......Page 356
19.5 Anti-Tumor Responses......Page 357
References......Page 358
20.2 Immunology of Vaccination......Page 362
20.3 Immune Response Polarization......Page 363
20.3.1 Antibody Production......Page 364
20.3.3 Responses to Live Vaccines......Page 365
Immunosuppression and Interference of Live Vaccines......Page 366
20.3.4 Responses to Inactivated Vaccines......Page 367
20.5 Stimulating Memory and Longevity of Immune Responses......Page 368
20.6 Development of the Neonatal Immune System......Page 369
20.8 In ovo Vaccination......Page 370
20.8.1 Advantages and Shortcomings of in ovo Vaccination......Page 372
References......Page 373
21.1 Introduction......Page 380
21.2.2 RIG-Like Receptors......Page 381
21.2.3 Antimicrobial Peptides......Page 382
Type II Interferon......Page 383
Interleukin-2......Page 385
Interleukin-6......Page 386
Interleukin-12......Page 387
Interleukin-18......Page 388
21.3.3 Tumor Necrosis Factor Family......Page 389
21.4.2 CC Chemokines......Page 390
21.5.1 Anti-Chicken Monoclonal Antibodies Cross-Reacting with Turkey, Quail, and Duck Leukocytes......Page 391
The CD4 and CD8 Antigen......Page 393
The CD3/TCR Complex......Page 394
CCR7......Page 395
21.7 Major Histocompatibility Complex......Page 396
21.8 Secreted Antibodies......Page 397
21.9 Cell Lines......Page 398
References......Page 399
22.1 Introduction......Page 408
22.2.1 Single-Time-Point Assays......Page 409
22.2.2 Multiple-Time-Point Assays......Page 410
22.3 The Major Histocompatibility Complex......Page 411
22.4.1 Ontogeny......Page 412
22.5.1 Age-Related Variation......Page 414
22.5.3 Condition, Nutrition and Individual Quality......Page 416
22.5.4 Seasonality/Annual Cycles......Page 417
22.6.1 Costs of Mounting Immune Responses......Page 418
22.6.2 Links with Male Secondary Characters......Page 420
22.7 Immune Function in an Evolutionary Context......Page 421
References......Page 423
A.2.1 Inbred Lines......Page 430
A.2.4 Selected Lines......Page 431
References......Page 439
B.1 Introduction......Page 442
References......Page 445
Abbreviations......Page 446
Index......Page 450