Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Chapter 1: Conceptual and Theoretical Framework of Federalism
	Introduction
	Misunderstanding and Confusion Related to the Concept of Federalism
	Conceptual Distinction Between Federalism and Federation
	Processes and Types of Federation
	Federation and Confederation Distinguished
	Theories of Federalism
		Classical or Traditional Theory of Federalism
		Modern Theories of Federalism
			Origin Theory of Federalism
				Sociological Theory of Federalism
				Multiple-Factor Theory of Federalism
				Political Theory of Federalism
			Functional Theory of Federalism
			Process Theory of Federalism
	Concept of Autonomy in Federalism
		Relationship Between Federalism and State Autonomy
		Autonomy and Power-Sharing as a Source of Conflict or Secession
		Autonomy and Power-Sharing Prevent Conflict and Secession
Chapter 2: State Autonomy in the Context of Indian Constitution
	Introduction
	Historical Evolution of Indian Federalism
	The Government of India Act 1909 and Decentralization
	The Government of India Act 1919 and Self-Government
	Establishment of the Federation of India and Accession of the Indian States
	Main Features of the Government of India Act 1935
	Debates in the Constituent Assembly: Strong-Centre Federation
	Understanding the Nature of Indian Federalism
	Grounds on Which the Constitutional Experts Deny the Federal Character to the Indian Constitution
	NITI Aayog and New Era of Indian Federalism
	State Autonomy in the Context of Indian Federation
	Why Voice of State Autonomy Is Gaining Ground and Becoming Louder
	Various Committees and Reports on State Autonomy
	Similarities of State Autonomy Proposals
Chapter 3: Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir in the Context of Indian Constitution
	The State of Jammu and Kashmir: A Historical Overview
	Freedom Struggle in Jammu and Kashmir
	Standstill Agreement
		Reply from Pakistan
		Reply from India
	Accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India
	India’s Position on Jammu and Kashmir
	Pakistan’s Stand on Jammu and Kashmir
	Third Party’s Mediation and Role of United Nations in Kashmir Dispute
	Article 370: Special Status of the State of Jammu and Kashmir
	Genesis of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution
	Article 306-A: Article 370 Was Article 306-A of the Draft Constitution of India
	Autonomy of the State Under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution
	Article 370: Prelude and Its Content Analysis
		Sub-clause (a) of Clause (1) of Article 370
		Sub-clause (b) of Clause (1) of Article 370
		Sub-clause (c) of Clause 1
		Sub-clause (d) of Clause 1
		Clause 2 of Article 370
	Article 370: A Debate on Its Abrogation
	The Constitutional Development of the State of Jammu and Kashmir
	The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order 1950
	Setting Up the Constituent Assembly for the State of Jammu and Kashmir
	Delhi Agreement of July 1952
	Sadar-e-Riyasat or Prime Minister as the Head of State
	Dismissal of Sheikh Abdullah and His Arrest
	The Separate Constitution of the State of Jammu and Kashmir
	Preamble
	Salient Features of the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution
		Part I: Preliminary
			Short Title and Commencement
		Part II: The State
			Relationship of the State with the Union of India
			Territory of the State
			Extent of Executive and Legislative Powers of the State
		Part III: Permanent Residents
			Permanent Residents
			Construction of References to State Subjects in Existing Laws
		Part V: The Executive
			The Sadar-e-Riyasat: Head of the State
			Dual Citizenship
		Part VI: Bicameral Legislature with a Difference
			Legislative Autonomy
			Provisions in Case of Breakdown of Constitutional Machinery in the State
			In Matters of Fundamental Rights
			Right to Property
			Chapter on Fundamental Duties Is Not Applicable
		Part XII: Amendment of the Constitution
			Separate Directive Principles
			High Court at the Apex
			Official Language of the State
			Separate Flag of the State
Chapter 4: Erosion and Demand of Autonomy in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
	Post-1953 Period and the Erosion of Autonomy in the State
	Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order 1954 and Erosion of Autonomy in the State of Jammu and Kashmir
	Erosion of Autonomy Continued Apace after Constitutional Amendment Order 1954
	Return of Sheikh Abdullah and Demand of Autonomy to the State
	Kashmir Accord (Indira-Sheikh Accord): 1975
		Farooq Abdullah in Power and Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir State
		Emergence of Militancy in Kashmir and Its impact on Kashmir Autonomy
		Recommendations of State Autonomy Committee Report, November 1996
		Weakness of the State Autonomy Committee Report
		Views of National Political Parties on the Report of State Autonomy Committee
		Regional Autonomy Committee (RAC) Report: April 2000
		Various Responses to the Regional Autonomy Committee Report
	Different Proposals of Jammu and Kashmir Autonomy
		People’s Democratic Party and Self-Rule of Jammu and Kashmir
		Broader Outline of People’s Democratic Party’s (PDP) Self-Rule
		Justice Saghir Ahmad Report: 2009
		Main Recommendations of Justice Saghir Ahmad Report: 2009
		Weakness of Justice Saghir Ahmad Report 2009
		National Conference and Autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir
		Main Recommendations of Group of Interlocutors’ Report: 2012
		Weakness of the Group of Interlocutors’ Report: 2012
	Other Proposals for the Resolution of Kashmir Issue
		Achievable Nationhood of Jammu and Kashmir People’s Conference
	Similarities and Commonness Among the Above-Mentioned Proposals
Chapter 5: Erosion of Autonomy in the State in Contemporary Era, 2014–2019
	Entrance of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the State
	Abrogation of Article 370 and Two New Union Territories of Indian Federation
	Multiple Reactions and Diverse Opinions on the Abrogation of Article 370 and 35A
		Proponents
		Opponents
	An Analysis on Repercussions and Ramifications of Abrogation of Article 370
	Impact of abrogation of Article 370 on Jammu and Kashmir and Indian Federalism
	Article 370 Is Responsible for Backwardness and Its End Will Lead to End of Poverty
	No Threat to Land or Property and Unique Culture of Kashmir and Kashmiris
	Seventy Years with Article 370 of the Indian Constitution: A New Era Without Article 370
Chapter 6: Conclusion
Index