Automotive Tire Noise and Vibrations: Analysis, Measurement and Simulation

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Automotive Tire Noise and Vibrations: Analysis, Measurement and
Simulation
Copyright
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Background introduction
	References
2 Tire/road noise separation: tread pattern noise and road texture noise
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Close proximity measurement
	2.3 Tire/road noise separation
		2.3.1 Two noise components
		2.3.2 Order tracking analysis
		2.3.3 Noise separation results
	2.4 Tire/road wheel noise separation and combination
	2.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
3 Influence of tread pattern on tire/road noise
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Tire/road noise separation
	3.3 Tread pattern parameterization
		3.3.1 Tread profile spectrum
		3.3.2 Air volume velocity spectrum
	3.4 Correlation between tread pattern and tire noise
	3.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
4 Influence of road texture on tire/road noise
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Rough and smooth pavement
		4.2.1 Total noise
		4.2.2 Tread pattern noise
		4.2.3 Nontread pattern noise
		4.2.4 Percent contribution from the two noise components
	4.3 Pavement texture characterization
	4.4 Spectral trend between pavement texture and tire/road noise
	4.5 Transfer function and regression model
	4.6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
5 Measurement methods of tire/road noise
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Tire noise and vibrations: indoor testing
		5.2.1 Indoor testing: structural borne noise characterization
			5.2.1.1 Indoor structural borne noise characterization: stationary tire
			5.2.1.2 Indoor structural borne noise characterization: rolling tire impact test
			5.2.1.3 Indoor structural borne noise characterization: high frequency structural borne noise characterization
		5.2.2 Indoor airborne noise characterization
	5.3 Outdoor testing
		5.3.1 Outdoor testing: subjective evaluation
		5.3.2 Outdoor testing: objective evaluation
			5.3.2.1 Outdoor objective evaluation: structural borne noise
			5.3.2.2 Outdoor objective evaluation: airborne noise
			5.3.2.3 Outdoor objective evaluation: pass-by noise measurement
	5.4 Summary
	References
	Further reading
6 Generation mechanisms of tire/road noise
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Tire structural borne noise and airborne noise
		6.2.1 Tire structural borne noise
		6.2.2 Tire airborne noise
	6.3 Tire noise and vibration: generation mechanisms
		6.3.1 Impact induced noise and vibration
		6.3.2 Air pumping
		6.3.3 Friction-induced noise and vibration
		6.3.4 Tire nonuniformity as a vibration source
	6.4 Tire structural borne noise transmission mechanism
		6.4.1 Low frequency transmissibility (below 30Hz)
		6.4.2 Mid-frequency transmissibility from 30 to 500Hz
		6.4.3 Effect of rolling on tire transmissibility
	6.5 Tire noise and vibration amplification by acoustic resonance
		6.5.1 Tire cavity resonance
		6.5.2 Tire pipe resonance
		6.5.3 Tire horn effect
	6.6 Summary
	References
	Further reading
7 Suspension vibration and transfer path analysis
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Excitations of suspension system from road and tire
		7.2.1 Excitation from road roughness
		7.2.2 Excitation generated by tire
	7.3 Theoretical basis of transfer path analysis method
		7.3.1 Traditional transfer path analysis method
			7.3.1.1 Frequency response function
			7.3.1.2 Identification of structural load
			7.3.1.3 Analysis of transfer path
		7.3.2 Operational transfer path analysis
	7.4 Transfer path analysis of suspension vibration
		7.4.1 Frequency response function of suspension and car body system
		7.4.2 Identification of load between suspension and car body
		7.4.3 Transfer path analysis of suspension vibration
	7.5 Transfer path analysis of structure-borne tire/road noise
		7.5.1 Transfer function of structure-borne noise
		7.5.2 Identification of load on path point and principal component analysis
		7.5.3 Analysis of interior noise from tire/road interaction based on transfer path analysis
			7.5.3.1 Transfer path analysis of structure-borne tire/road noise based on test
			7.5.3.2 Control of structure-borne tire/road noise based on simulation
	7.6 Summary
	Nomenclatures
	References
8 Structure-borne vibration of tire
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Modal characteristics of tire vibration and influencing parameters
		8.2.1 Modal characteristics of tire vibration
		8.2.2 Influencing parameters of modal characteristics of tire vibration
			8.2.2.1 Influence of tire pressure
			8.2.2.2 Influence of tread pattern
			8.2.2.3 Influence of tire mass
			8.2.2.4 Influences of belt angle and Young’s moduli of belt cord and tread compound
	8.3 Modal test methods of a tire
	8.4 Analytical calculation method of tire mode
		8.4.1 Two-dimensional ring model of a tire
			8.4.1.1 Strain of ring
			8.4.1.2 Initial stress
			8.4.1.3 Velocity of point at middle surface of ring
			8.4.1.4 Work of inflation pressure
		8.4.2 Three-dimensional ring model of tire
			8.4.2.1 Stress and strain of tire crown
			8.4.2.2 Equations of motion of three-dimensional ring model
			8.4.2.3 In-plane free vibration mode of a tire
			8.4.2.4 Out-of-plane free vibration mode of a tire
	8.5 Modal analysis of a tire based on finite element method
		8.5.1 Differential equations of a dynamic system
		8.5.2 Methods of solving natural frequency and modal shape
		8.5.3 Establishment of finite element model of a tire
		8.5.4 Natural frequency and modal shape of a tire
	8.6 Summary
	Nomenclature
	References
9 Structural-acoustic analysis of tire cavity system
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Frequency and wave number
	9.3 Tire cavity resonance
	9.4 Tire-cavity-wheel system
	9.5 Tire cavity resonance frequency
		9.5.1 Degenerate tire cavity modes
	9.6 Tire tread natural frequency and mode shape
	9.7 Structural-acoustic coupling of tire tread and cavity
		9.7.1 Impedance-mobility approach
	9.8 Finite element simulation of tire structural resonance
	9.9 Finite element simulation of structural-acoustic coupling of tire cavity
	9.10 Experiment using model from FEM
	9.11 Effect of loaded tire
	9.12 Road experiment using internal microphone
	9.13 Summary
	Nomenclature
	References
10 Computer-aided engineering findings on the physics of tire/road noise
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Computer-aided engineering simulation methodologies
		10.2.1 Deterministic methods at low frequency
			10.2.1.1 Finite element method
			10.2.1.2 Boundary element method
			10.2.1.3 Waveguide finite element method
		10.2.2 Energy methods at high frequency
			10.2.2.1 Statistical energy analysis
			10.2.2.2 Energy finite element analysis
		10.2.3 Hybrid methods in the mid frequency range
	10.3 Other computer-aided engineering simulation methodologies
		10.3.1 Computational fluid dynamics
		10.3.2 Transfer path analysis
	10.4 Vehicle suspension corner module simulation
	10.5 Mechanisms of the wheel imbalance induced vibration
	10.6 Tire–road interaction caused by dynamic force variation induced by a hexagon tire
	10.7 Tire–road interface impact force and friction force-induced vibration
	10.8 Finite element modeling of tire–pavement interaction
	10.9 Auralization models of tire/road noise
	10.10 Trends and challenges in computer-aided engineering modeling of tire/road noise
	10.11 Summary
	Nomenclature
	References
11 Tire cavity noise mitigation using acoustic absorbent materials
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Sound absorption coefficient theory
		11.2.1 Airflow resistivity
		11.2.2 Empirical models
		11.2.3 Effect of airflow resistivity
		11.2.4 Effect of layer thickness
	11.3 Absorption coefficient measurement methodologies
		11.3.1 Impedance tube method
		11.3.2 Alpha cabin
	11.4 Tire cavity damping loss
	11.5 Sound absorption with perforated plates, porous materials, and air gaps
	11.6 Application to tire cavity
	11.7 Multilayer configuration design
	11.8 Analytical simulation of the multilayer sound absorber
	11.9 Using finite element simulation
	11.10 Experiments on tires
	11.11 Experimental modal test (impact hammer test)
	11.12 Experimental modal analysis test with a shaker excitation
	11.13 Design of experiment (Taguchi)
	11.14 Summary
	Nomenclature
	References
12 Statistical energy analysis of tire/road noise
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Basic principle of statistical energy analysis
		12.2.1 Power balance equation of statistical energy analysis
		12.2.2 Energy description of subsystem
		12.2.3 Damping loss factor and coupling loss factor
	12.3 Simulation of tire high-frequency vibration and tire cavity resonance noise
		12.3.1 Statistical energy analysis model and simulation of tire structure
			12.3.1.1 Subsystem partition and statistical energy analysis model of a tire
			12.3.1.2 Parameters in statistical energy analysis model of a tire
			12.3.1.3 Simulation results and analysis
		12.3.2 Statistical energy analysis model and simulation of tire cavity system
			12.3.2.1 Statistical energy analysis model of tire with cavity
			12.3.2.2 Parameters of statistical energy analysis model and external excitation
			12.3.2.3 Simulation of tire cavity system using statistical energy analysis
	12.4 Tire/road noise modeling and simulation using statistical energy analysis
		12.4.1 Generation and propagation of tire/road noise
		12.4.2 Statistical energy analysis model of a car body
		12.4.3 Input power in statistical energy analysis model
		12.4.4 Parameters in statistical energy analysis model
		12.4.5 Simulation of tire/road noise
	12.5 Summary
	Nomenclature
	References
13 Pass-by noise: regulation and measurement
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Generation mechanisms and characteristics of the tire/road pass-by noise
		13.2.1 Generation mechanisms of the tire/road pass-by noise
		13.2.2 Pass-by noise frequency content
		13.2.3 The effect of the air temperature on the pass-by noise
	13.3 ISO 362-1/ECE R51.03
		13.3.1 ISO 362-1/ECE R51.03 acceleration test targets
		13.3.2 ISO 362-1/ECE R51.03 acceleration test gear selections
		13.3.3 ISO 362-1/ECE R51.03 acceleration test
		13.3.4 ISO 362-1/ECE R51.03 constant speed cruise test
		13.3.5 Interpretation of test results under ISO 362-1/ECE R51.03
		13.3.6 ISO 362-3 indoor pass-by noise test and simulation development
	13.4 Source and contribution identification of pass-by noise
	13.5 Other pass-by noise research and development
	13.6 Summary
	Nomenclature
	References
14 Pass-by noise: simulation and analysis
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Pass-by noise prediction model
	14.3 Sensitivity analysis and propagation of uncertainty
	14.4 Substitution monopole technique
		14.4.1 Method of correlated equivalent monopoles
		14.4.2 Method of uncorrelated equivalent monopoles
			14.4.2.1 Source strength definition of uncorrelated monopoles
			14.4.2.2 Transfer functions
			14.4.2.3 Determination of the source strength of uncorrelated monopoles
			14.4.2.4 Validation experiments
	14.5 Airborne source quantification method
	14.6 Transmissibility approach
	14.7 Numerical prediction methods for the pass-by noise
		14.7.1 Neural networks approach
		14.7.2 Boundary element method
	14.8 Summary
	Nomenclature
	References
15 Summary and future scope
	References
Index
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