Automotive Software Archetectures: An Introduction

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Software and Modern Cars
	1.2 History of Software in the Automotive Industry
	1.3 Trends Shaping Automotive Software Development
	1.4 Organization of Automotive Software Systems
	1.5 Architecting as a Discipline
		1.5.1 Architecting vs. Project Management
		1.5.2 Architecting vs. Design
	1.6 Content of This Book
		1.6.1 Chapter 2: Software Architectures
		1.6.2 Chapter 3: Modern Software Architectures: Federated and Centralized
		1.6.3 Chapter 4: Automotive Software Development
		1.6.4 Chapter 5: AUTOSAR Reference Model
		1.6.5 Chapter 6: Detailed Design of Automotive Software
		1.6.6 Chapter 7: Machine Learning in Automotive Software
		1.6.7 Chapter 8: Evaluation of Automotive Software Architectures
		1.6.8 Chapter 9: Metrics for Software Design and Architectures
		1.6.9 Chapter 10: Functional Safety of Automotive Software
		1.6.10 Chapter 11: Current Trends in Automotive Software Development
		1.6.11 Motivating Examples in the Book
	1.7 Knowledge Prerequisites
	1.8 Where to Go Next
	References
2 Software Architectures—Views and Documentation
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Common View on Architecture in General and in the Automotive Industry in Particular
	2.3 Definitions
	2.4 High-Level Structures
	2.5 Architectural Principles
	2.6 Architecture in the Development Process
	2.7 Architectural Views
		2.7.1 Functional View
			2.7.1.1 How-To
		2.7.2 Physical System View
			2.7.2.1 How-To
		2.7.3 Logical View
			2.7.3.1 How-To
		2.7.4 Relation to the 4+1 View Model
	2.8 Architectural Styles
		2.8.1 Layered Architecture
		2.8.2 Component-Based
		2.8.3 Monolithic
		2.8.4 Microkernel
		2.8.5 Pipes and Filters
		2.8.6 Client–Server
		2.8.7 Publisher–Subscriber
		2.8.8 Event–Driven
		2.8.9 Middleware
		2.8.10 Service-Oriented
	2.9 Describing the Architectures
		2.9.1 SysML
		2.9.2 EAST ADL
	2.10 Next Steps
	2.11 Further Reading
	2.12 Summary
	References
3 Contemporary Software Architectures: Federated and Centralized
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Federated Software Architectures
	3.3 Centralized Software Architectures
	3.4 Examples
		3.4.1 Federated Architecture of a Car
		3.4.2 Pipes and Filters in Autonomous Drive
		3.4.3 Infotainment Systems
	3.5 On Truck Architectures
	3.6 Summary
	References
4 Automotive Software Development
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 V-Model of Automotive Software Development
	4.2 Requirements
		4.2.1 Types of Requirements in Automotive Software Development
			4.2.1.1 Textual Requirements
			4.2.1.2 Use Cases
			4.2.1.3 Model-Based Requirements
	4.3 Variant Management
		4.3.1 Configuration
		4.3.2 Compilation
		4.3.3 Practical Variability Management
	4.4 Integration Stages of Software Development
	4.5 Testing Strategies
		4.5.1 Unit Testing
		4.5.2 Component Testing
		4.5.3 System Testing
		4.5.4 Functional Testing
		4.5.5 Pragmatics of Testing Large Software Systems: Iterative Testing
	4.6 Construction Database and Its Role in Automotive Software Engineering
	4.7 Further Reading
		4.7.1 Requirements Specification Languages
	4.8 Summary
	References
5 AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture)
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 AUTOSAR Classic Platform
		5.2.1 Reference Architecture
		5.2.2 Development Methodology
		5.2.3 AUTOSAR Meta-Model
			5.2.3.1 AUTOSAR Meta-Modeling Environment
			5.2.3.2 Architectural Design Based on the AUTOSAR Meta-Model
			5.2.3.3 AUTOSAR Template Specifications
		5.2.4 AUTOSAR ECU Middleware
	5.3 AUTOSAR Adaptive Platform
		5.3.1 Reference Architecture
		5.3.2 Development Methodology
		5.3.3 AUTOSAR Meta-Model
			5.3.3.1 Architectural Design Based on the AUTOSAR Meta-Model
			5.3.3.2 AUTOSAR Manifest Specification
		5.3.4 AUTOSAR ECU Middleware
	5.4 AUTOSAR Foundation
	5.5 Further Reading
	5.6 Summary
	References
6 Detailed Design of Automotive Software
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Simulink Modelling
		6.2.1 Basics of Simulink
			6.2.1.1 Sources
			6.2.1.2 Commonly Used Blocks
			6.2.1.3 Sinks
		6.2.2 Sample Model of Digitalization of a Signal
			6.2.2.1 Comments on the Sample Model
		6.2.3 Translating Physical Processes to Simulink
		6.2.4 Sample Model of Car's Interior Heater
			6.2.4.1 Summary of the Heater Model
	6.3 Simulink Compared to SySML/UML
	6.4 Principles of Programming of Embedded Safety-Critical Systems
	6.5 MISRA
	6.6 NASA's Ten Principles of Safety-Critical Code
	6.7 Detailed Design of Non-safety-Critical Functionality
		6.7.1 Infotainment Applications
	6.8 Quality Assurance of Safety-Critical Software
		6.8.1 Formal Methods
		6.8.2 Static Analysis
		6.8.3 Testing
	6.9 Further Reading
	6.10 Summary
	References
7 Machine Learning in Automotive Software
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Fundamentals of Supervised Learning
	7.3 Neural Networks
	7.4 Image Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Networks
	7.5 Object Detection
	7.6 Reinforced Learning and Parameter Optimization
	7.7 On-Board and Off-Board Machine Learning Algorithms
	7.8 Challenges with Using Machine Learning in Automotive Software
	7.9 Summary
	References
8 Evaluation of Automotive Software Architectures
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 ISO/IEC 25000 Quality Properties
		8.2.1 Reliability
		8.2.2 Fault Tolerance
		8.2.3 Mechanisms to Achieve Reliability and Fault Tolerance
	8.3 Architecture Evaluation Methods
	8.4 ATAM
		8.4.1 Steps of ATAM
		8.4.2 Scenarios Used in ATAM in Automotive
			8.4.2.1 Modifiability
			8.4.2.2 Availability and Reliability
			8.4.2.3 Performance
			8.4.2.4 Developing Custom Scenarios
		8.4.3 Templates Used in the ATAM Evaluation
	8.5 Example of Applying ATAM
		8.5.1 Presentation of Business Drivers
		8.5.2 Presentation of the Architecture
		8.5.3 Identification of Architectural Approaches
		8.5.4 Generation of Quality Attribute Tree and Scenario Identification
		8.5.5 Analysis of the Architecture and the Architectural Decision
		8.5.6 Summary of the Example
	8.6 Further Reading
	8.7 Summary
	References
9 Metrics for Software Design and Architectures
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Measurement Standard in Software Engineering—ISO/IEC 15939
	9.3 Measures Available in ISO/IEC 25000
	9.4 Measures
	9.5 Metrics Portfolio for the Architects
		9.5.1 Areas
		9.5.2 Area: Architecture Measures
		9.5.3 Area: Design Stability
		9.5.4 Area: Technical Debt/Risk
	9.6 Industrial Measurement Data for Software Designs
	9.7 Further Reading
	9.8 Summary
	References
10 Functional Safety of Automotive Software
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Management and Support for Functional Safety
	10.3 Concept and System Development
	10.4 Planning of Software Development
	10.5 Software Safety Requirements
	10.6 Software Architectural Design
	10.7 Software Unit Design and Implementation
	10.8 Software Unit Verification
	10.9 Software Integration and Verification
	10.10 Testing Embedded Software
	10.11 Examples of Software Design
	10.12 Integration, Testing, Validation, Assessment and Release
	10.13 Production and Operation
	10.14 Further Reading
	10.15 Conclusions
	References
11 Current Trends in Automotive Software Architectures
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Autonomous Driving
	11.3 Self-*
	11.4 Big Data
	11.5 New Software Development Paradigms
		11.5.1 Architecting in the Age of Agile Software Development
	11.6 Other Trends
	11.7 Summary
	References
12 Summary
	12.1 Software Architectures in General and in the Automotive Software—A Short Recap
	12.2 Chapter 2—Software Architectures
	12.3 Chapter 3—Contemporary Software Architectures: Federated and Centralized
	12.4 Chapter 4—Automotive Software Engineering
	12.5 Chapter 5—AUTOSAR
	12.6 Chapter 6—Detailed Design of Automotive Software
	12.7 Chapter 7—Machine Learning in Automotive Software
	12.8 Chapter 8—Evaluation of Automotive Software Architectures
	12.9 Chapter 9—Metrics for Software Designs and Architectures
	12.10 Chapter 10—Functional Safety of Automotive Software
	12.11 Chapter 11—Current Trends
	12.12 Closing Remarks