Automotive power transmission systems

Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Series Preface......Page 13
Preface......Page 15
 1.1 Introduction......Page 19
  1.2.1 Engine Output Power and Torque......Page 20
  1.2.2 Engine Fuel Map......Page 22
  1.2.3 Engine Emission Map......Page 23
 1.3 Road Load, Driving Force, and Acceleration......Page 24
  1.3.1 Axle Loads......Page 25
  1.3.2 Road Loads......Page 26
  1.3.3 Powertrain Kinematics and Traction......Page 27
  1.3.4 Driving Condition Diagram......Page 31
  1.3.5 Ideal Transmission......Page 33
  1.3.6 Power–Speed Chart......Page 35
  1.4.1 Highest Gear Ratio......Page 36
  1.4.2 First Gear Ratio......Page 37
  1.4.3 Intermediate Gear Ratios......Page 38
  1.4.4 Finalization of Gear Ratios......Page 41
 Problem......Page 44
 2.1 Introduction......Page 47
 2.2 Powertrain Layout and Manual Transmission Structure......Page 48
 2.3 Power Flows and Gear Ratios......Page 55
  2.4.1 Clutch Structure......Page 58
  2.4.2 Clutch Torque Capacity......Page 61
  2.4.3 Clutch Design......Page 62
  2.5.1 Shift without Synchronizer......Page 63
  2.5.2 Shift with Synchronizer......Page 65
 2.6 Dynamic Modeling of Synchronization Process......Page 70
  2.6.1 Equivalent Mass Moment of Inertia......Page 71
  2.6.2 Equation of Motion during Synchronization......Page 73
  2.6.3 Condition for Synchronization......Page 74
 2.7 Shifting Mechanisms......Page 77
 Problems......Page 80
 3.1 Introduction......Page 83
  3.2.1 Conjugate Motion and Definitions......Page 84
  3.2.2 Property of Involute Curves......Page 85
  3.2.3 Involute Curves as Gear Tooth Profiles......Page 86
  3.2.4 Characteristics of Involute Gearing......Page 87
  3.3.2 Standardization of Tooth Dimensions......Page 90
  3.3.4 Contact Ratio......Page 92
  3.3.5 Tooth Thickness and Space along the Tooth Height......Page 94
  3.4.1 Standard and Non-Standard Cutter Settings......Page 96
  3.4.2 Avoidance of Tooth Undercutting and Minimum Number of Teeth......Page 97
  3.4.3 Systems of Non-standard Gears......Page 99
  3.4.5 Design of General Non-Standard Gear System......Page 101
 3.5 Involute Helical Gears......Page 104
  3.5.2 Design Parameters on the Normal and Transverse Sections......Page 105
  3.5.4 Minimum Number of Teeth for Involute Helical Gears......Page 107
  3.5.5 Contact Ratio of Involute Helical Gears......Page 108
  3.6.1 Determination of Gear Forces......Page 109
  3.6.3 Pitting Resistance......Page 111
  3.6.4 Bending Strength......Page 112
 3.7 Design of Automotive Transmission Gears......Page 113
 3.8 Planetary Gear Trains......Page 121
  3.8.1 Simple Planetary Gear Train......Page 124
  3.8.3 Ravigneaux Planetary Gear Train......Page 125
 References......Page 126
 Problems......Page 127
 4.1 Introduction......Page 129
 4.2 Torque Converter Structure and Functions......Page 130
  4.2.1 Torque Multiplication and Fluid Coupling......Page 132
  4.2.2 Torque Converter Locking up......Page 133
  4.3.1 Terminologies and Definitions......Page 134
  4.3.2 Velocity Diagrams......Page 137
  4.3.3 Angular Momentum of ATF Flow and Torque Formulation......Page 140
 4.4 Torque Capacity and Input–Output Characteristics......Page 142
  4.4.1 Torque Converter Capacity Factor......Page 143
  4.4.2 Input–Output Characteristics......Page 145
  4.4.3 Joint Operation of Torque Converter and Engine......Page 146
  4.4.4 Joint Operation of Torque Converter and Vehicle Powertrain......Page 147
 References......Page 151
 Problem......Page 152
 5.1 Introduction......Page 155
 5.2 Structure of Automatic Transmissions......Page 157
  5.3.1 Ford FWD Six-Speed AT......Page 171
  5.3.2 Ford six-speed RWD Ravigneaux AT......Page 178
  5.3.3 ZF RWD Eight-Speed AT......Page 180
 5.4 Transmission Dynamics......Page 182
  5.4.1 Ford FWD Six-Speed AT......Page 183
  5.4.2 Ford RWD Six-Speed AT......Page 188
  5.4.3 ZF RWD Eight-Speed AT......Page 190
 5.5 Qualitative Analysis on Transmission Shifting Dynamics......Page 193
 5.6 General Vehicle Powertrain Dynamics......Page 204
  5.6.1 General State Variable Equation in Matrix Form......Page 205
  5.6.2 Specific State Variable Equation......Page 206
  5.6.3 Solution of State Variables by Variable Substitution......Page 210
  5.6.4 Vehicle System Integration......Page 211
 5.7 Simulation of Vehicle Powertrain Dynamics......Page 213
 Problems......Page 216
 6.1 Introduction......Page 219
 6.2 Components and Hydraulic Circuits for Transmission Control......Page 221
  6.3.1 System Hydraulic Circuitry for the Previous Generation of ATs......Page 234
  6.3.2 System Hydraulic Circuitry for ATs with Independent Clutch Pressure Control......Page 236
  6.3.3 System Hydraulic Circuitry for ATs with Direct Clutch Pressure Control......Page 241
  6.4.1 Transmission shift schedule......Page 243
  6.4.2 Torque Converter Lock Control......Page 246
  6.4.3 Lock-Release Schedule......Page 247
  6.4.4 Lock-Release Operation......Page 249
  6.4.5 Engine Torque Control During Shifts......Page 251
  6.4.6 Shift Process Control......Page 254
  6.4.7 Initial Clutch Pressure Profiles......Page 256
  6.4.9 Feedback Shift Control......Page 257
  6.4.10 Torque Based Shift Control......Page 259
 6.5 Calibration of Transmission Control System......Page 263
  6.5.1 Component Level Calibration......Page 264
  6.5.2 System Level Calibration......Page 265
 References......Page 267
 Problem......Page 268
 7.1 Introduction......Page 269
 7.2 CVT Layouts and Key Components......Page 271
  7.2.2 Input and Output Pulleys......Page 272
  7.2.3 Basic Ratio Equation......Page 273
  7.3.1 Forces Acting on a Metal Block......Page 275
  7.3.2 Forces Acting on Pulley Sheaves......Page 276
  7.3.3 Block Compression and Ring Tension......Page 280
  7.3.4 Torque Transmitting Mechanism......Page 281
  7.3.5 Forces Acting on the Whole Belt......Page 285
  7.3.6 Relation between Thrusts on Input and Output Pulleys......Page 286
  7.3.7 Ratio Changing Mechanism......Page 290
 7.4 CVT Control System Design and Operation Control......Page 291
  7.4.1 VBS Based Control System......Page 292
  7.4.2 Servo Mechanism Control System......Page 295
  7.4.3 Comparison of the Two Control System Designs......Page 303
  7.5.1 Line Pressure Control......Page 305
  7.5.2 Continuous Ratio Control Strategy......Page 306
  7.5.3 Stepped Ratio Control Strategy......Page 310
  7.5.4 CVT Control Calibration......Page 311
 References......Page 313
 Problems......Page 314
 8.1 Introduction......Page 317
 8.2 DCT Layouts and Key Components......Page 318
  8.2.1 Dry Dual Clutch Transmissions......Page 319
  8.2.2 Wet Dual Clutch Transmissions......Page 324
  8.3.1 Equations of Motion during Launch and Shifts......Page 325
 8.4 DCT Clutch Control......Page 331
  8.5.1 Correlation on Clutch Torque and Control Variable......Page 340
  8.5.2 Case Study on Clutch Torque and Control Variable Correlation......Page 343
  8.5.3 Algorithm for Clutch Torque Calculation under Real Time Conditions......Page 345
  8.5.4 Case Study for the Clutch Torque Algorithm......Page 346
 References......Page 348
 Problems......Page 349
 9.2 Current Status and Trends for EVs......Page 351
 9.3 Output Characteristic of Electric Machines......Page 354
 9.4 DC Machines......Page 355
  9.4.1 Principle of DC Machines......Page 356
  9.4.2 Excitation Types of DC Machines......Page 360
  9.4.3 Speed Control of DC Machines......Page 361
 9.5 Induction Machines......Page 365
  9.5.1 Principle of Induction Motors......Page 366
  9.5.2 Equivalent Circuit of Induction Motors......Page 367
  9.5.3 Speed Control of Induction Machine......Page 370
  9.5.4 Variable Frequency, Variable Voltage Control of Induction Motors......Page 372
  9.5.5 Efficiency and Losses of Induction Machine......Page 373
  9.5.6 Field-Oriented Control of Induction Machine......Page 374
  9.6.1 Basic Configuration of PM Motors......Page 379
  9.6.2 Basic Principle and Operation of PM Motors......Page 382
 9.7 Switched Reluctance Motors......Page 388
  9.8.1 Single-Speed EV Transmission......Page 390
  9.8.2 Multiple Ratio EV Transmissions......Page 392
 9.9 Conclusions......Page 397
 Bibliography......Page 398
Chapter 10 Hybrid Powertrains......Page 407
 10.1 Series HEVs......Page 408
 10.2 Parallel HEVs......Page 409
 10.3 Series–Parallel HEVs......Page 412
  10.4.1 GM Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission......Page 418
  10.4.2 Dual Clutch Hybrid Transmissions......Page 425
  10.4.3 Hybrid Transmission Proposed by Zhang, et al.......Page 431
  10.4.4 Renault IVT Hybrid Transmission......Page 433
  10.4.5 Timken Two-Mode Hybrid Transmission......Page 434
  10.4.6 Tsai’s Hybrid Transmission......Page 437
  10.4.7 Hybrid Transmission with Both Speed and Torque Coupling Mechanism......Page 439
  10.4.8 Toyota Highlander and Lexus Hybrid, e-Four Wheel Drive......Page 441
  10.4.9 CAMRY Hybrid......Page 442
  10.4.10 Chevy Volt Powertrain......Page 443
 10.6 Dynamics of Planetary Gear Based Transmissions......Page 445
 10.7 Conclusions......Page 446
 References......Page 447
Index......Page 449
EULA......Page 455