Automotive power systems

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
About the Author......Page 18
 1.1 Architecture of the Automotive Power System......Page 20
 1.2 Voltage Used for Electrical Distribution System......Page 21
 1.3 Thermal Challenges for Electrical Components......Page 22
  1.4.1 Inductive Load......Page 23
  1.4.2 Transients on the DC Bus......Page 24
  1.4.3 Reverse Voltage Protection......Page 25
 1.5 Requirements for the Electrical Energy System Design......Page 26
  1.6.2 Cables for Automotive Applications......Page 28
  1.6.3 Harness Design......Page 29
 1.8 Conclusion......Page 31
 Bibliography......Page 32
 Appendix #2 European Color Codes for Cables......Page 33
 Appendix #3 Popular Terminal Designation Numbers......Page 34
 2.2 Construction of a Lead–Acid Cell-Type Battery......Page 36
 2.4 Voltage Level Test......Page 39
 2.5 Capacity......Page 40
 2.6 Battery Chargers......Page 41
  2.7.2 Efficiency......Page 46
 2.8 New Technologies for Sealed and Maintenance-Free Batteries......Page 47
  2.9.1 Supercapacitors......Page 48
  2.9.2 Fuel Cell......Page 49
 References......Page 50
 3.1 Alternator’s Role......Page 52
 3.2 Construction of an Alternator......Page 53
  3.3.1 General Requirements......Page 56
  3.3.2 Closed-Loop Regulation of Voltage......Page 57
  3.3.4 Using a Switched-Mode Rectifier to Increase Output Power......Page 58
 3.5 Starter Systems......Page 61
 3.6 Starter Construction......Page 64
 3.7 Inertia Starter......Page 65
 3.8 Pre-Engaged Starters......Page 66
 3.10 Typical Torque Characteristics......Page 67
 3.11 Integrated Starter Alternator......Page 68
 References......Page 69
 4.1 Introduction to Body Systems......Page 72
 4.2 Power Window (Electrical Windows)......Page 74
 4.3 Power Lock Doors......Page 76
 4.5 Hard-Top Convertible......Page 78
 4.6 Power Seats......Page 79
 4.8 Electric Mirrors......Page 80
 4.9 Cruise Control......Page 81
  4.9.1 Modeling the Cruise Control......Page 82
  4.9.2 Actuator for Cruise Control......Page 83
  4.9.3 Drive-by-Wire......Page 84
  4.10.2 Electronic Heater Control......Page 85
  4.10.3 A/C Compressor......Page 86
 4.11 Shape Memory Alloy Actuators......Page 87
 4.12 Conclusion......Page 88
 References......Page 89
 5.1 Electrical Motors Used in Body Systems......Page 90
  5.2.1 High Level of Integration......Page 92
  5.2.2 Medium Level of Integration......Page 93
  5.3.2 Bidirectional dc Motor Drives......Page 94
  5.3.3 Single-Phase Power Converters......Page 96
  5.3.4 Three-Phase Inverters......Page 98
  5.3.5 PWM Generators......Page 102
  5.3.6 Dead-Time......Page 103
 5.4 Integrated Circuits for Motor Control......Page 105
  5.5.2 Hall-Effect Position Sensor......Page 106
  5.5.3 Current Sensors......Page 107
 References......Page 110
Chapter 6 Chassis Systems......Page 112
  6.1.2 Ancillary Energy Sources Derived from the Engine......Page 113
  6.1.3 Road to All-Electric Vehicle Concept......Page 114
  6.2.2 Disk Brakes......Page 115
  6.2.3 Electric Vacuum Power with a MOSFET Power Converter......Page 116
  6.3.1 Application......Page 119
  6.3.2 Solution 1: An Electrical Motor Drives the Pump......Page 120
  6.3.4 Solution 3: Principle of Electronic Power Steering......Page 121
  6.3.5 Dynamic Modeling of the Power Steering......Page 122
  6.3.6 Design With a BLDC Motor......Page 124
  6.3.7 Progressive Steering Wheel......Page 125
 6.4 Automotive Suspension......Page 126
 References......Page 131
 7.1 Automotive Light Sources......Page 132
 7.2 Conventional Lighting Circuits......Page 135
 7.3 Gas Discharge Lamps and Their Electronic Control......Page 138
 7.4 LED Lights and Their Electronic Control......Page 141
 7.5 Laser Lights......Page 147
 References......Page 150
 8.1 Role of dc/dc Power Converters......Page 152
  8.2.1 Buck Converter......Page 153
  8.2.2 Boost Converter......Page 156
  8.2.3 Other Topologies of Non-Isolated dc/dc Converters......Page 159
  8.2.5 The Synchronous Converter......Page 160
 8.3 Isolated Converters......Page 161
  8.3.1 Flyback Converter......Page 162
  8.3.2 Direct (Forward) Converter......Page 166
  8.3.3 Push–Pull Converter......Page 168
  8.3.4 Phase-Shift Converter......Page 170
  8.4.1 Need for AC power......Page 171
  8.4.2 Low Power Solutions......Page 172
  8.4.3 High Power Solutions......Page 174
 References......Page 176
 9.1 Feedback Control of Dynamic Systems......Page 178
 9.2 Implementation Within Analog-Mode Power Supply Circuits......Page 181
  9.3.1 Definitions......Page 182
  9.3.2 Requirements for Feedback Control of a Power Supply......Page 185
 9.4 Case Studies: Feedback Control for Various Power Supplies......Page 187
  9.4.1 Analog Circuit in Follower Connection......Page 188
  9.4.2 Analog Circuit with an Inverting Topology......Page 190
  9.4.3 Boost/Buck Converters......Page 192
 9.5 Analog-Mode Feedback Control Solutions......Page 193
  9.5.1 Type I Compensation......Page 194
  9.5.2 Type II Compensation......Page 197
 9.6 Design Process From Constraints to Component Selection......Page 199
 9.7 On the Use of Conventional PI/D Controllers......Page 202
 9.8 Conversion of Analog Control Law to Digital Solutions......Page 204
 9.9 Control System Influence on Power Electronics Hardware......Page 207
 9.10 Conclusion......Page 208
 References......Page 209
 10.1 Power MOSFET in Automotive Applications......Page 210
 10.2 The Ideal Switch......Page 212
 10.3 Enhancement-Mode and Depletion-Mode MOSFETs......Page 214
 10.4 Operation Principle......Page 216
 10.5 Safe Operation Area......Page 219
 10.6 Gate Driver Requirements......Page 221
 10.7 Using P-Channel MOSFET Devices......Page 223
 10.9 Synchronous Rectification......Page 225
 10.10 Advanced FET Devices......Page 227
 References......Page 228
 11.1 Intelligent Switch Versus Solid-State Relay......Page 230
  11.2.1 Using Electromagnetic Relays......Page 231
  11.2.2 Construction......Page 233
 11.3 Solid-State Relays......Page 235
 11.4 Introduction to Fuses......Page 238
 11.6 Automotive Varistor and Transient-Voltage-Suppression (TVS)......Page 242
  11.7.1 Electromechanical Solenoid......Page 244
  11.7.2 Solenoid Valve......Page 245
 References......Page 247
  12.1.1 Permanent Magnet Motors......Page 250
  12.1.2 Variable Reluctance Motor......Page 251
  12.1.3 DC Motors......Page 253
  12.1.4 Induction Motor......Page 254
  12.1.5 Brushless Motors......Page 255
  12.1.6 Comparison between Brushless dc Motor and the Induction Motor......Page 259
  12.2.1 Shunt-Wound dc Motors......Page 261
  12.2.3 Compound Wound dc Motor......Page 262
  12.2.4 Permanent Magnet dc Motors......Page 263
 12.3 Applications: Fans, Blowers, Pumps......Page 264
 12.4 Design Issues Related to the dc Distribution Bus......Page 266
 12.5 Motor Design: Inertia Matching......Page 267
 12.6 Motor Design: Torque Requirements......Page 268
  12.7.1 Principle......Page 270
  12.7.2 Control and Optimization......Page 272
 References......Page 273
Chapter 13 Power Integrated Circuits......Page 274
 13.1 Integrated-Circuit Technologies......Page 275
  13.2.1 Example of Disruptive Innovation—PWM Control Chip......Page 276
  13.2.2 Flyback PWM Controller IC for Isolated Power Supplies......Page 278
  13.2.4 High-Voltage Gate Drivers for High-Voltage Propulsion Drives......Page 279
  13.3.1 Power MOSFET Used within Integrated Circuits......Page 281
  13.3.2 Power Diode......Page 283
  13.3.3 Gate Driver......Page 284
  13.3.6 Current Sensor......Page 285
  13.3.7 Auxiliary Protection Circuitry......Page 287
  13.3.9 I/O Connections......Page 288
 13.5 Conclusion......Page 289
 References......Page 290
 14.1 Propulsion Architecture......Page 292
 14.2 Induction Motor Drive—Converter System......Page 295
 14.3 Brushless dc Motor Drive......Page 302
 14.4 Switched Reluctance Motor Drive......Page 304
 14.5 High-Voltage Energy Storage......Page 307
 14.6 Conclusion......Page 308
 References......Page 309
Index......Page 310