Automotive Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Automotive Electromagnetic Compatibility......Page 0
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
1.1 BACKGROUND......Page 16
1.2 TECHNOLOGY AND EMC......Page 19
1.3 COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION......Page 22
AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS......Page 23
1.5 FUTURE TRENDS......Page 25
2.1 DEFINITION OF COMPONENT AND SYSTEM......Page 28
2.2 SIGNIFICANCE TO EMC......Page 30
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 32
3.2 CURRENT PATH......Page 34
3.3 SAFETY GROUNDING......Page 38
3.4 SINGLE POINT GROUND (SINGLE REFERENCE)......Page 39
4.1 ANTENNAS......Page 42
4.2.1 Quarter-Wave Vertical......Page 47
4.2.2 Ground Plane......Page 48
4.2.3.2 Unanticipated Antennas......Page 50
4.2.3.3 Reduced Size Antennas......Page 51
4.2.3.4 Gain Antennas......Page 53
4.3.1 Inductance......Page 56
4.4 Ideal and Actual Components......Page 58
4.5 TRANSMISSION LINES......Page 64
4.5.1 Characteristics of Commonly Used Transmission Lines”......Page 66
4.5.3 Transmission line capacitance......Page 67
4.5.4 Transmission line impedance......Page 69
4.5.5 How to install a PL 259 connector......Page 70
4.5.6 Coax Cable Sample......Page 71
4.6.1 Purpose of shields......Page 76
4.6.2 Shielding effectiveness......Page 77
4.6.3 Key parameters in shield design (electric field)......Page 78
4.7 FOURIER SERIES AND FREQUENCY SPECTRUM ENVELOPE......Page 90
PROPERTIES......Page 93
4.9.1 Common Mode Filtering......Page 96
4.9.2 Isolation......Page 97
4.10 ENCLOSURE SHIELDING......Page 99
4.11 Shield Discontinuities......Page 103
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 106
5.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE Lines”......Page 107
5.3 COMPARISON OF CIRCUIT THEORY WITH EM FIELD THEORY......Page 113
5.4 MAXWELL\'S EQUATIONS......Page 114
5.5.1 Far-Field......Page 117
5.5.3 Near-Field......Page 119
5.6 POLARIZATION......Page 121
5.6.2 Modeling/Prediction Techniques......Page 127
6.1 EMC DISCIPLINES......Page 130
6.2.1 Low-Frequency Specification......Page 133
6.2.2 Bulk Current Injection......Page 134
6.3 HOW A SWITCHING TRANSIENT OCCURS......Page 136
6.4.1 EMC Instrumentation......Page 138
Power Output and Bandwidth......Page 139
Test Level......Page 140
Modulation......Page 141
Class A or AB?......Page 142
Linearity......Page 143
Reliability and Maintainability......Page 144
6.4.3 Antennas......Page 145
6.4.4 Field measurement probes......Page 148
Diode sensors......Page 149
6.4.6 RF Signal Generator......Page 150
6.4.7 Electronic Impedance Bridge......Page 152
6.4.8 Spectrum Analyzer......Page 153
EMI Receiver/Spectrum Analyzer Detector Functions......Page 156
6.5 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS......Page 158
Which system is more efficient?......Page 159
6.7 A “VIRTUAL” TOUR OF AN EMC LAB......Page 162
7.1 THE VALUE OF EMC MODELING......Page 176
7.2 EMISSIONS MODELING......Page 177
7.3 GOAL OF MODELING......Page 179
8.2.1 Significance of wiring to EMC......Page 182
8.2.3 Early vehicles wiring......Page 183
8.2.4 Vacuum cleaner incident......Page 184
8.2.5 Common Mode and Differential Mode Current......Page 185
8.2.6 RF emissions and immunity......Page 186
8.2.7 Ways to measure RF current......Page 190
8.2.8 Differential mode RE levels......Page 196
8.2.9 DM related to design of circuit......Page 197
8.2.10 Cable Shielding......Page 199
8.2.11 Cable and Wiring Classes......Page 204
8.3 FILTER PLACEMENT......Page 205
8.4 COUPLING BETWEEN WIRES......Page 211
8.5 GROUNDING AND PCB LAYOUT......Page 213
8.6 FERRITES......Page 214
8.6.2 Clamp-On Ferrites......Page 215
8.7 ATTENUATING COMMON MODE CURRENTS ON UNSHIELDED CABLES......Page 216
8.8 HIGHER-FREQUENCY EMISSIONS......Page 217
9.1 VEHICLE GENERATED RADIATED EMISSIONS......Page 218
9.2 BANDWIDTH RELATES TO “SELECTIVITY”......Page 219
9.3.2 Ignition Noise......Page 221
9.3.3 SCR Noise......Page 223
9.4.1 Microprocessors and narrowband noise......Page 226
9.4.3 Narrowband radiate emissions case study......Page 228
9.5 SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 230
9.6 RE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN “IDENTICAL” COMPONENTS......Page 232
9.7 VEHICLE RADIATED EMISSIONS TEST......Page 234
9.9 DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN......Page 236
9.10 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENVIRONMENT......Page 238
9.11 EMC ISSUE: IMMUNITY TO EXTERNAL FIELDS......Page 241
9.11.2 Aircraft Passenger Carry-On Devices Cases......Page 242
9.11.3 F-16 Flight Controls......Page 244
9.11.9 Antilock Braking System (ABS)......Page 245
9.11.12 Medical Equipment Cases......Page 246
9.11.14 Ambulance Heart Monitor/Defibrillator......Page 247
9.12 INEXPENSIVE SHIELDING METHODS......Page 248
9.13 EMC DESIGN FOR IMMUNITY......Page 250
9.13.1 Component Selection......Page 251
9.13.2 Logic Families and dV/dt......Page 253
9.13.3 Logic Families and dI/dt......Page 254
9.14 IMMUNITY THRESHOLD......Page 255
9.15 AUTO INDUSTRY “BEST PRACTICES”......Page 256
9.16.1 Spark Plugs......Page 257
9.16.2 Distributors......Page 261
9.16.3 Ignition Harnesses......Page 262
10.2 RADIATED EMISSIONS REQUIREMENTS......Page 264
10.4 FCC PART 15......Page 265
10.5 “MICROVOLTS PER METER” AND WATTS......Page 274
11.2 OVERVIEW OF THE VEHICLE TRANSIENT ENVIRONMENT......Page 278
11.3 COMPONENT SELECTION......Page 279
11.5 LOGIC FAMILIES AND DI/DT......Page 281
11.6 LOAD INDUCED SWITCHING TRANSIENTS......Page 282
11.7 SPECIFYING CONTROL OF THE SWITCHING TRANSIENT PHENOMENON......Page 285
11.8 METHODS TO MINIMIZE THE IMPACT OF TRANSIENTS......Page 286
11.10 CONCLUSIONS......Page 287
12.1 OVERVIEW OF ESD......Page 288
12.2 THE ROLE OF INSULATING MATERIAL IN ESD......Page 290
12.5 EFFECTS OF ESD......Page 292
12.6 ESD TEST METHODS......Page 293
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS......Page 296
USEFUL FORMULAS......Page 300
References......Page 304
Index......Page 308
End of Book......Page 310