Automatic Methods of Analysis

Automatic Methods of Analysis......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of contents......Page 6
PREFACE......Page 12
1.1 Introduction......Page 14
1.2 Objectives of automation......Page 15
1.3 Definitions......Page 17
1.4 Automatic analysers: classification......Page 21
1.5 Degrees of automation......Page 26
1.6 Analytical techniques and automation......Page 36
1.7 Disadvantages of automation......Page 38
1.8 Significance and scope of application of automation......Page 39
References......Page 41
2.1 Introduction......Page 42
2.2 Data acquisition and processing. Result delivery......Page 44
2.3 Control of an instrument or analyser......Page 58
2.4 Computerized configurations......Page 63
2.5 Expert systems......Page 66
2.6 Computerized access to scientific information......Page 67
2.7 Final remarks......Page 68
References......Page 70
3.1 Introduction......Page 72
3.2 Fundamentals of sampling......Page 73
3.3 Solid sampling......Page 75
3.4 Liquid sampling......Page 77
3.5 Gas sampling......Page 85
3.6 Sources of error in automatic sampling......Page 87
References......Page 94
4.1 Introduction......Page 95
4.2 Dissolution and digestion......Page 97
4.3 Volatilization......Page 100
4.4 Distillation......Page 103
4.5 Filtration......Page 108
4.6 Sorption......Page 111
4.7 Ion exchange......Page 114
4.8 Membrane separation......Page 117
4.9 Solid-liquid extraction......Page 121
4.10 Liquid-liquid extraction......Page 125
References......Page 135
5.1 Introduction......Page 136
5.2 General scheme of an air-segmented analyser......Page 139
5.3 General concepts......Page 140
5.4 Factors affecting the signal quality......Page 146
5.5 Essential components of an air-segmented analyser......Page 149
5.6 Multi-channel configurations......Page 154
5.7 Applications of continuous segmented analysers......Page 156
5.8 Recent advances in continuous segmented analysers......Page 162
References......Page 169
6.1 Introduction......Page 171
6.2 Foundation of flow-injection analysis......Page 175
6.3 Basic components of an FIA system......Page 179
6.4 FIA modes......Page 184
6.5 Features of flow-injection analysis......Page 195
6.6 Applications of FIA......Page 198
6.7 Trends in FIA......Page 204
References......Page 205
7.1 Introduction......Page 209
7.2 Continuous mixing methods......Page 211
7.3 Stopped-flow continuous mixing methods......Page 224
7.4 Continuous-flow titrations......Page 232
References......Page 239
8.1 Introduction......Page 240
8.2 Classification of batch analysers......Page 242
8.3 Batch analysers with automatic sampling......Page 246
8.4 Batch analysers without automatic sampling......Page 254
9.1 Introduction......Page 262
9.2 Characteristics of robots......Page 263
9.3 Laboratory robotization......Page 269
9.4 Unit operations......Page 271
9.5 Some characteristic examples......Page 275
9.6 Scope of application......Page 282
9.7 Final considerations......Page 283
References......Page 285
10.2 Automatic control of the functioning of an optical instrument......Page 286
10.3 Automation in the acquisition and treatment of spectroscopic data......Page 300
10.4 Spectroscopic data banks......Page 318
References......Page 322
11.1 Introduction......Page 325
11.2 Automation in potentiometry......Page 327
11.3 Automation in voltammetry......Page 337
11.4 Automation in stripping analysis......Page 356
11.5 Automation in spectroelectrochemistry......Page 362
References......Page 364
12.1 Introduction......Page 368
12.2 Degrees of automation of a chromatograph......Page 369
12.3 Modular automation of a chromatograph......Page 372
12.4 Hyphenated methods......Page 399
12.5 Automated optimization of chromatographic separations......Page 402
References......Page 404
13.1 Introduction......Page 406
13.2 Essential components of an automatic titrator......Page 409
13.3 Degrees of automation......Page 413
14.1 Introduction......Page 441
14.2 Stages of clinical analysis......Page 444
14.3 Classification of clinical analysers......Page 447
14.4 In vivo measurements......Page 474
References......Page 478
15.1 Introduction......Page 480
15.2 Sampling......Page 483
15.3 Water analysers......Page 494
15.4 Air analysers......Page 514
15.5 Data acquisition, transmission and processing. Survey networks......Page 530
References......Page 534
16.1 Introduction......Page 537
16.2 Features of process analysers......Page 538
16.3 Classification of process analysers......Page 542
16.4 Components of a process analyser......Page 545
16.5 Scope of application......Page 551
16.6 Microprocessors in process analysers, Trends......Page 566
References......Page 568
Index......Page 570