Australian Intellectual Property Law

Half-title......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 23
Acknowledgements......Page 25
Table of statutes......Page 27
Table of cases......Page 47
1.1 The nature of intellectual property......Page 77
1.2.1 The ‘property’ in intellectual property......Page 78
1.2.3 Incentive to create and disseminate......Page 79
1.2.4 Protection for investment......Page 80
1.2.6 A combination of all the above......Page 81
1.3.1 Passing off......Page 82
1.3.3 Copyright and related rights......Page 83
1.3.6 Patents......Page 85
1.4 Impact of new technology......Page 86
1.5 Internationalisation of intellectual property......Page 88
1.5.2 TRIPS (1994)......Page 89
1.5.3 Bilateral agreements......Page 90
1.6 Intellectual property in Australia......Page 91
1.6.1 History of Australian intellectual property law......Page 92
1.6.2 Constitutional law issues......Page 93
1.7 Scheme of the book......Page 94
2.1.1 Common law and passing off......Page 96
2.1.2 Equity and passing off......Page 97
2.2 Elements of passing off......Page 98
2.3 The reputation of the plaintiff......Page 99
2.3.1 Location of reputation......Page 101
2.3.3 Joint ownership of reputation......Page 103
2.3.4 Dual ownership: honest concurrent user and use of own name......Page 104
2.3.5 Reputation in descriptive words and insignia: secondary meanings......Page 106
2.3.6 Reputation in packaging and appearance......Page 107
2.3.8 Reputation in personality......Page 109
2.3.9 Abandonment of reputation......Page 110
2.4.1 Misrepresentation, confusion and deception......Page 111
2.4.2 The target of the representation......Page 113
2.4.5 Character merchandising......Page 114
2.5.1 Domain names......Page 118
2.5.2 Australian passing off cases and the internet......Page 120
2.5.3 Uniform dispute resolution policy......Page 122
2.5.4 Australian uniform dispute resolution policy......Page 123
2.5.5 Framing......Page 124
2.5.6 Meta-tags......Page 125
2.5.7 Pop-up advertisements when internet searching......Page 126
2.6 Effect of disclaimers......Page 127
2.8 Damage......Page 129
2.9 Statutory causes of action......Page 130
2.9.3 ‘Engage in conduct’......Page 131
2.9.4 ‘Misleading or deceptive’......Page 132
2.10 Comparison with passing off......Page 133
2.10.1 Ss 53, 55 and 55A......Page 134
2.11 Comparison with Europe and USA......Page 135
2.12 Remedies......Page 137
3.1 History of registered trade marks......Page 140
3.2 Drawbacks of passing off......Page 141
3.3 Functions of trade marks......Page 142
3.3.2 Managing property interests......Page 143
3.4 Overview of the registration process......Page 144
3.6.1 Aspect of packaging, shape......Page 146
3.6.2 Colour......Page 148
3.6.4 Scents......Page 149
3.7.1 Unconditional intention......Page 150
3.7.3 Use by others......Page 151
3.8.1 ‘Dealt with or provided’......Page 152
3.8.2 ‘In the course of trade’......Page 153
3.9 Ownership......Page 154
3.9.1 First use in Australia......Page 155
3.9.2 Distributorship arrangements......Page 156
3.9.4 Persons who can own a trade mark......Page 157
3.10.1 Requirements for registration......Page 158
3.12 Defensive trade marks......Page 160
3.14 National signs not to be used as trade marks......Page 163
3.16 Trade mark cannot be represented graphically (s 40)......Page 164
3.17.1 Inherent distinctiveness......Page 165
3.17.3 Distinctiveness through use......Page 168
3.17.4 Functional shapes......Page 169
3.17.5 Colour trade marks......Page 173
3.19 Use contrary to law......Page 174
3.20 Deceptive or confusing trade marks......Page 175
3.21 Trade marks identical or similar to existing trade marks......Page 176
3.21.2Or deceptively similar to......Page 177
3.21.3The context of the comparison......Page 179
3.21.4 Similar goods......Page 180
3.21.5 Similar services......Page 181
3.21.7 A global assessment......Page 182
3.22 Honest concurrent user......Page 183
3.24 Other legislation......Page 185
3.24.2 Business names......Page 186
3.25 Overview of grounds of opposition......Page 188
3.26 Another trade mark’s prior reputation (s 60)......Page 189
3.26.1 Relationship with honest concurrent user and prior continuous user provisions......Page 191
3.27.1 Definition of a geographical indication......Page 192
3.27.2 Interpretation of s 61......Page 193
3.27.3 Exceptions to s 61(1)......Page 194
3.29 Overview of rectification of the Register......Page 195
3.30 Amendment or cancellation by Registrar......Page 196
3.31 Overview of rectification by the court......Page 197
3.31.1Aggrieved person......Page 198
3.34 Effect of ss 24 and 25 on s 87......Page 199
3.35 Cancellation, removal or amendment (s 88(2))......Page 201
3.36.1Fraud......Page 202
3.36.3 Not distinctive when proceedings commence......Page 203
3.38 Grounds for opposition......Page 204
3.40 Use likely to deceive or cause confusion......Page 205
3.41 Rectification not granted if registered owner not at fault......Page 206
3.42 Removal for non-UnicodeCharacterx2010 use......Page 208
3.42.1General discretion......Page 210
3.42.2Recent changes to non7UnicodeCharacterx2010 use under the  Trade Marks Amendment Act 2006 (Cth)......Page 211
4.1.1 Use as a trade mark......Page 212
4.1.2 Use as descriptive term rather than trade mark......Page 213
4.1.3 Sign used to distinguish goods and services from others......Page 215
4.1.4 Substantially identical with or deceptively similar to......Page 216
4.1.6 Relevance of the plaintiff ’s trade mark’s reputation......Page 217
4.2.1 The goods or services for which the trade mark is registered......Page 219
4.4 S 120(3)......Page 220
4.4.1 Anti-dilution......Page 221
4.4.2 Well known......Page 222
4.4.4 Indicating a connection with the owner......Page 224
4.4.5 Owner’s interests adversely affected......Page 226
4.4.6 Anti-dilution or passing off?......Page 227
4.6 Two-dimensional device infringed by
three-dimensional shape......Page 228
4.7 Parallel importing......Page 229
4.7.2 Parallel importing and passing off......Page 233
4.8 Second-hand goods......Page 234
4.9 Trade mark infringement and the internet......Page 235
4.10 S 121: breach of certain restrictions......Page 237
4.11 Groundless threats of legal proceedings......Page 238
4.12 Acts not constituting infringement......Page 239
4.12.3 Good faith use of a sign (s 122(1)(b))......Page 240
4.12.5 Use of trade mark for comparative advertising (s 122(1)(d))......Page 241
4.12.7 Defendant may obtain registration of similar trade mark (s 122(1)(f))......Page 242
4.13 Trade mark applied by or with consent of registered owner......Page 243
4.15 No damages for infringement during
non-use period (s 127)......Page 244
4.17 Assignment of trade marks......Page 245
4.17.1 Process of assignment......Page 246
4.17.4 Assignment of defensive trade marks......Page 247
4.18 Licensing of trade marks......Page 248
4.18.2 Financial control......Page 249
4.18.4 Franchising......Page 250
4.19 Voluntary recording of interests and claims......Page 251
4.20 International treaty obligations......Page 252
5.1 Introduction......Page 254
5.2 History......Page 256
5.3 Justifications......Page 262
5.3.1 Utilitarian-based arguments......Page 263
5.3.2 Natural rights......Page 264
5.4 International influences......Page 265
5.4.3 The  Rome Convention (1961)......Page 266
5.4.5 The WIPO internet treaties (1996)......Page 267
5.5 Future reforms......Page 268
6.1 Introduction......Page 270
6.2.1 Works......Page 271
6.2.2 Subject matter other than works (Part IV)......Page 282
6.3 Recorded in material form......Page 284
6.4 Connected to Australia......Page 285
6.5.1 Original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works......Page 287
6.5.2 Subject matter other than works......Page 289
7.2 ‘Authorship’ and first ownership......Page 290
7.2.1 Who is the author?......Page 291
7.2.3 Works with no known author......Page 293
7.3.1 Works created by employees......Page 294
7.3.2 Works created by journalists......Page 296
7.3.4 Crown copyright......Page 297
7.4 Nature of the rights......Page 298
7.4.1 The right of reproduction......Page 299
7.4.3 The right to perform the work in public......Page 301
7.4.4 The right to communicate the work to the public......Page 302
7.4.5 The right to make an adaptation of the work......Page 303
7.5 Technological protection measures......Page 304
7.5.1 Anti-circumvention......Page 305
7.5.2 Rights management information......Page 311
7.5.3 Unauthorised access to encoded broadcasts......Page 312
7.6 Duration......Page 313
8.2 Exploitation......Page 314
8.2.1 Assignment......Page 315
8.2.2 Licences......Page 316
8.2.3 Collective administration......Page 323
8.3 Infringement......Page 325
8.3.1 Direct infringement......Page 326
8.3.2 Indirect infringement......Page 337
8.4 Relief for copyright infringement......Page 343
8.4.1 Damages......Page 344
8.4.3 Conversion or detention......Page 345
8.4.5 Criminal offences......Page 346
8.5 Defences and limitations......Page 348
8.5.1 Fair dealing......Page 349
8.5.2 Time-shifting......Page 359
8.5.3 Format-shifting......Page 360
8.5.4 Exceptions for archives and libraries......Page 361
8.5.5 Educational uses......Page 364
8.5.6 Artistic works......Page 365
8.5.7 Computer programs......Page 366
8.5.9 Legal materials......Page 367
8.5.12 Sound recordings......Page 368
8.5.14 Public interest......Page 369
8.5.15 Contracting out of the defences......Page 370
8.5.16 Future reforms......Page 371
9.2 Moral rights......Page 372
9.2.1 The right of attribution......Page 374
9.2.2 The right of integrity......Page 375
9.2.3 The right to object to false attribution......Page 377
9.2.4 Limits on moral rights......Page 378
9.2.5 Consent......Page 380
9.2.7 Reform: Indigenous communal moral rights?......Page 382
9.3 Performers’ rights......Page 383
9.3.1 Performers’ moral rights......Page 386
9.4 Circuit layouts......Page 388
9.4.1 Nature and scope of circuit layouts......Page 389
9.4.3 Exclusive rights......Page 390
9.4.6 Duration......Page 391
9.4.8 Exceptions and defences......Page 392
9.4.9 Remedies......Page 393
9.5 Public and educational lending rights......Page 394
10.2 History......Page 396
10.3.1 Who can apply?......Page 398
10.3.3 Request for registration or publication......Page 399
10.3.6 Priority date......Page 400
10.4.1 Meaning of ‘design’......Page 401
10.4.2 ‘New’ and ‘distinctive’......Page 404
10.7 Infringement......Page 405
10.7.1 Infringement under the 1906 Act......Page 406
10.7.2 Infringement under the 2003  Designs Act......Page 407
10.8.1 The spare parts defence......Page 409
10.9 Remedies......Page 411
10.10 Design–copyright overlap......Page 412
10.10.1 Registration of a corresponding design......Page 413
10.10.2 Industrial application of a corresponding design......Page 414
11.1 Introduction......Page 416
11.2 Origins of equitable doctrine of breach of confidence......Page 418
11.3 The elements of the action......Page 419
11.3.2 Information must have the necessary quality of confidence......Page 421
11.3.3 Information given or received to import an obligation of confidence......Page 426
11.3.4 Unauthorised use or disclosure of the information......Page 430
11.3.5 The scope of the obligation......Page 432
11.3.6 The need to show detriment......Page 433
11.4.3 Disclosure by the confider......Page 435
11.4.5 Disclosure by third party after confidence is imposed......Page 436
11.5 Entitlement......Page 437
11.6 Special circumstances: during employment......Page 438
11.6.1 Duty of fidelity......Page 439
11.6.3 Equitable action for breach of confidence......Page 440
11.7.2 Contract......Page 441
11.7.3 Equitable action for breach of confidence......Page 442
11.8.1 Background......Page 444
11.8.2 Nature of the defence in Australia......Page 445
11.8.3 Disclosure must be to proper authorities......Page 447
11.9.2 The springboard principle......Page 448
11.9.3 Damages......Page 449
11.10 Relationship between confidential information and patents......Page 450
11.11 Relationship between confidential information and copyright......Page 451
11.12 International dimensions......Page 452
12.1 What is a patent for invention?......Page 453
12.2 Origins of patent protection......Page 454
12.3 Development of patent law in Australia......Page 456
12.4 Rationales of patent protection......Page 457
12.5.3 Selection patents......Page 458
12.6.1 Convention applications......Page 459
12.6.2 PCT applications......Page 460
12.7.1 The application......Page 461
12.7.2 Pre-examination......Page 462
12.7.3 Examination......Page 463
12.7.4 Acceptance and publication......Page 464
12.7.6 Re-examination......Page 465
12.8 Processing an application for an innovation patent......Page 466
12.10.1 The application......Page 468
12.10.2 Calculation of the term of extension......Page 469
12.11.2 Convention applications......Page 470
12.11.4 Fair basing of claim on priority document......Page 471
12.12 The role of priority dates......Page 472
12.13 Withdrawal and lapsing of applications and ceasing of patents......Page 473
12.14.1 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 1883......Page 474
12.14.2 TRIPS (1994)......Page 475
12.14.4 European Patent Convention (1973)......Page 476
12.14.6 Australia–USA Free Trade Agreement 2004......Page 477
12.16 Transitional provisions: innovation patents......Page 478
13.1 Statutory requirements......Page 479
13.2 A two-tier system......Page 480
13.3 The concept of invention......Page 481
13.4.2 Background to the meaning of ‘manner of manufacture’......Page 482
13.4.3 NRDC v Commissioner of Patents: meaning of
‘manner of manufacture’......Page 484
13.4.4 Application of NRDC principles to remove classes of unpatentable inventions: 1959–2006......Page 485
13.4.5 Methods of medical treatment for humans......Page 487
13.4.6 Computer programs......Page 489
13.4.7 The application of NRDC principles post-2006......Page 490
13.4.8 Discoveries and other unpatentable subject matter......Page 492
13.5 Generally inconvenient......Page 493
13.6.1 Introduction......Page 495
13.6.3 Statutory requirements......Page 496
13.6.4 Prior art base......Page 497
13.6.5 Method for comparison with information in prior art base......Page 499
13.6.6 Time at which to construe and read documentary disclosures......Page 500
13.6.7 Publicly available......Page 501
13.6.8 Test for an ‘anticipation’......Page 504
13.6.9 Prohibition on ‘mosaics’......Page 505
13.6.10 Publicly available information disregarded: disclosure with consent......Page 506
13.6.11 Publicly available information that is disregarded:
non-consensual disclosure......Page 509
13.6.12 Novelty by way of selection......Page 510
13.7.1 Introduction......Page 512
13.7.2 Time at which inventive or innovative step is raised......Page 513
13.7.3 Statutory requirements: overview......Page 514
13.7.4 Inventive step: relevant information for purposes of comparison......Page 515
13.7.5 Innovative step: determination of relevant information for purposes of comparison......Page 516
13.7.6 Summary of differences......Page 518
13.8.1 Obvious: very plain......Page 519
13.8.2 Person skilled in the relevant art......Page 520
13.8.3 Common general knowledge......Page 521
13.8.4 Information a skilled person would be expected to ascertain, understand and regard as relevant......Page 522
13.8.6 Process to identify inventive step......Page 523
13.8.8 Secondary indicia to assist assessment of obviousness......Page 524
13.9 Innovative step: assessment......Page 526
13.10.1 The test......Page 527
13.10.2 Assessment of the threshold quality of ‘inventiveness’......Page 528
13.10.3 The future of threshold requirement of ‘inventiveness’......Page 530
13.11.1 General......Page 531
13.11.2 Meaning of ‘useful’......Page 532
13.12.1 General......Page 533
13.12.3 The relationship with novelty......Page 534
13.12.5 The meaning of ‘use’......Page 535
13.12.6 Use for reasonable trial or experiment only......Page 536
13.12.7 Use occurring solely in a confidential disclosure......Page 537
13.12.8 Patentee use for any purpose other than trade or commerce......Page 538
13.13.1 Human beings and biological processes for their generation......Page 539
13.13.3 Contrary to law......Page 540
13.13.4 Mere mixtures......Page 541
13.14.1 Evolution of the specification and function of claims......Page 542
13.14.3 Construction of specification for s 40 purposes......Page 544
13.14.5 The relationship of s 40 and other grounds of invalidity......Page 545
13.14.7 Complete specification must provide sufficient description and best method of performance: s 40(2)......Page 546
13.14.8 End with claims defining invention: s 40(2)(b), (c)......Page 549
13.14.9 Claims must be clear and succinct: s 40(3)......Page 550
13.14.10 Claims must be fairly based: s 40(3)......Page 551
13.14.11 Consistory clause and fair basing......Page 552
13.14.13 Claims must relate to one invention only: s 40(4)......Page 553
13.15.1 General provisions......Page 554
13.15.2 The meaning of ‘experimental purposes’......Page 555
14.1 Entitlement to apply......Page 556
14.1.1 Criteria for inventorship......Page 557
14.1.2 Entitled to have patent assigned to person on grant......Page 558
14.1.3 Derives title to invention from inventor......Page 559
14.2.2 Rights of co-owners......Page 560
14.2.4 Grant of patent......Page 561
14.3 Employee inventions......Page 562
14.3.1 Express provisions in the employment contract......Page 563
14.3.2 Implied duty to assign inventions: the duty of fidelity......Page 564
14.3.3 Fiduciary duties......Page 566
14.4.1 Introduction......Page 567
14.4.2 Exploitation of inventions by the Crown......Page 568
14.4.4 For the services of the Commonwealth or a State......Page 569
14.4.5 Obligations of the Crown......Page 570
14.4.9 Supply of products by Commonwealth to foreign countries......Page 571
14.5.1 General principles......Page 572
14.5.2 Non-exclusive and sole licences......Page 573
14.6.1 Application......Page 574
14.6.2 Effect of compulsory licence on other patents......Page 576
14.6.5 Revocation......Page 577
14.6.7 International requirements......Page 578
14.7.1 Void conditions......Page 579
14.7.3 Defence to infringement proceedings......Page 581
14.8.1 Contents of the Register......Page 582
14.8.2 Inspection and access to the Register......Page 583
14.8.5 Power of patentee to deal with patent......Page 584
15.1 The role of the patent specification......Page 586
15.2 General principles for construction of patent specification......Page 587
15.3.1 Introduction......Page 590
15.3.2 Pith and marrow......Page 591
15.3.3 Purposive construction......Page 592
15.4.1 The nature of exclusive rights......Page 594
15.4.3 No grant of positive rights......Page 595
15.5 Direct infringement......Page 596
15.5.1 Exclusive right to make a patented product......Page 597
15.5.2 The exclusive right to use......Page 598
15.5.3 The exclusive right to keep......Page 599
15.5.4 The exclusive right to import the invention......Page 600
15.5.5 The concept of parallel importation......Page 602
15.5.6 Authorisation......Page 603
15.5.7 Liability through ‘common design’ or ‘procurement’......Page 605
15.6.2 Overview of s 117......Page 606
15.6.3 S 117(2)(a): capable of one reasonable use......Page 607
15.6.4 S 117(2)(b): not a staple commercial product......Page 608
15.6.5 S 117(2)(c)......Page 609
15.6.6 Infringement of a product patent by supply of component parts......Page 610
15.8  Defences to infringement......Page 611
15.8.2 Prior use of an invention: s 119......Page 612
15.8.3 Acts for obtaining regulatory approval of pharmaceuticals......Page 616
15.8.5 Experimental and research use......Page 617
15.9 Infringement proceedings......Page 619
15.10 Relief for infringement......Page 620
15.12 Unjustified threats of infringement proceedings......Page 621
15.13.1 Statutory provisions......Page 622
15.13.2 Lack of entitlement......Page 623
15.13.3 Fraud and false suggestion or misrepresentation......Page 624
15.14.2 Jurisdiction of other prescribed courts......Page 627
15.14.4 Appeals to the Federal Court......Page 628
16.1 Introduction......Page 629
16.2 Plant breeding: technical background......Page 630
16.4 Registrability......Page 631
16.4.1 The variety has a breeder......Page 632
16.4.2 The variety is distinct......Page 633
16.4.4 The variety is stable......Page 634
16.4.5 Variety has not been exploited or only recently exploited......Page 635
16.4.6 Time at which the variety must be DUS......Page 636
16.5.1 Right to apply for PBR......Page 637
16.5.2 Form of application for PBR......Page 639
16.5.4 Acceptance and rejection......Page 640
16.5.6 Application after acceptance: substantive examination and test growing requirements......Page 641
16.5.8 Access to the application and any objection......Page 642
16.6.1 Requirements......Page 643
16.6.2 Entry of details in the Register......Page 644
16.6.4 Term of protection......Page 645
16.7.1 General nature of PBR in propagating material......Page 646
16.7.2 Extension beyond propagating material: essentially derived varieties......Page 647
16.7.4 Extension beyond propagating material: harvested material......Page 649
16.7.6 Concept of exhaustion of rights......Page 652
16.8 Limitations on the breeder’s rights......Page 653
16.8.1 Private, experimental or breeding purposes......Page 654
16.8.2 Farmer’s rights......Page 655
16.8.4 Other restrictions on rights......Page 658
16.9 Ownership and co-ownership......Page 659
16.10.2 Licences......Page 660
16.11 Revocation of PBR......Page 661
16.13.1 What amounts to infringement......Page 662
16.13.3 Prior user rights......Page 663
16.14.2 Declarations as to non-infringement......Page 664
16.15.1 Transfer from DAFF to DITR......Page 665
16.16 The Register......Page 666
16.19 Transitional provisions......Page 667
16.20 Relationships between PBR and other IP regimes......Page 668
16.20.2 PBR and trade marks......Page 669
16.21 Other international conventions......Page 670
17.2 Pretrial remedies......Page 671
17.2.1 Anton Piller orders......Page 672
17.2.3 Interlocutory injunctions......Page 674
17.3 Permanent injunctions......Page 676
17.5 Damages......Page 677
17.6 Account of profits......Page 678
17.9  Jurisdiction......Page 680
17.10 Intellectual property and freedom of competition......Page 682
17.10.2 Rule of reason prohibitions......Page 683
17.11 Security over intellectual property......Page 684
Appendix......Page 686
Subject index......Page 689