Australia and the Global Trade System: From Havana to Seattle

Cover......Page 1
AUSTRALIA AND THE GLOBAL TRADE SYSTEM: From Havana to Seattle......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Tables and Figures......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 9
Abbreviations......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
Theorising Australia's Role in the Multilateral Trade System......Page 14
Small States and the Multilateral Trade System......Page 19
CHAPTER 1: 'The Enfant Terrible': Australia and the Reconstruction of the Multilateral Trade System......Page 25
Australia's Response to the United States Proposals......Page 27
'The Enfant Terrible'......Page 33
The 1946 London Negotiations......Page 34
The 1947 Geneva Tariff Negotiations......Page 39
The Birth of the GATT......Page 42
Hollow Victory: The 1947−48 Havana Conference......Page 44
CHAPTER 2: Coming to Terms with Multilateralism......Page 48
Australia in the International Economy......Page 49
Sectionalism Ascendant......Page 51
Fawlty Tours: The Torquay Negotiations......Page 53
The Problem of Agricultural Protectionism......Page 55
The GAIT Review, 1954−55......Page 57
Preferences......Page 59
Tariff Bindings......Page 62
Agriculture......Page 64
Jacks' Empire: The Department of Trade......Page 67
Retreat from Ottawa......Page 71
Rapprochement with Japan......Page 73
Conclusion......Page 75
CHAPTER 3: Damage Control, Policy Stasis and Diplomatic Paralysis......Page 78
Australia's Changing Trade Patterns......Page 80
The United States Push for Freer Trade......Page 82
McEwenist Constraints on Trade Policy......Page 84
The Middle Zone Position......Page 86
Australian Diplomacy in the Kennedy Round......Page 88
Missed Opportunities......Page 90
The International Grains Arrangement......Page 93
Developing Country Pressures......Page 96
The Whitlam Interlude......Page 99
The Tokyo Round, 1973–79......Page 100
Fraser's Executive Diplomacy......Page 102
CHAPTER 4: Policy Innovation, Diplomatic Departures and the Uruguay Round......Page 107
Debacle at Geneva: The 1982 Ministerial Meeting......Page 109
Alternatives to Multilateralism?......Page 111
Pressures For a New Round......Page 115
The True Believers......Page 116
Establishment of the Cairns Group......Page 119
Engaging the Americans......Page 120
Institutional Capacity: The Creation of DFAT......Page 123
Assessing Labor's Approach to Trade Liberalisation......Page 125
Cairns Group Dynamics......Page 130
The Phony War, 1987–88......Page 135
Showdown at Montreal......Page 141
Herding the Elephants, 1989–90......Page 144
Australia's Intermediary Diplomacy......Page 147
Failure at Brussels, 1990......Page 148
The Dunkel Draft, 1991......Page 150
Blair House I......Page 152
CHAPTER 6: Aggressive Multilateralism: Negotiating Services......Page 158
Why Trade In Services?......Page 159
The United States Agenda......Page 160
Australia's Early Approach, 1982−85......Page 161
Shift to Positive Engagement, 1986......Page 163
Australia as Facilitator, 1986−88......Page 165
Aggressive Multilateralism, 1989−91......Page 168
Sectoral Coverage......Page 169
Non-Discrimination: National Treatment......Page 170
Non-Discrimination: MFN......Page 172
Market Access Negotiations......Page 176
The SPecial Case of Culture?......Page 177
The End Game......Page 179
Assessing the GATS......Page 180
Aggressive Bilateralism......Page 183
Belted and Tanned......Page 185
Lambs to the Slaughter......Page 188
Japan-Bashing......Page 190
Losing the Plot......Page 191
McEwen's Ghost?......Page 193
The Regional Free Trade Option?......Page 196
CHAPTER 8: The WTO System in Crisis......Page 203
The Decline of American Leadership......Page 204
Developing Country Dissatisfaction......Page 209
Bad TRIPs......Page 210
The Civil Society Challenge......Page 214
Conclusion......Page 219
Conclusion......Page 222
APPENDIX 1: Departments and Ministers responsible for GA TT /WTO Negotiations......Page 227
APPENDIX 2: GAIT Trade Rounds......Page 229
Introduction......Page 231
1 'The Enfant Terrible': Australia and the Reconstruction of the Multilateral Trade System......Page 234
2 Coming to Terms with Multilateralism......Page 238
3 Damage Control, Policy Stasis and Diplomatic Paralysis......Page 243
4 Policy Innovation, Diplomatic Departures and the Uruguay Round......Page 246
5 The Cairns Group......Page 249
6 Aggressive Multilateralism: Negotiating Services......Page 251
7 The American Way? Aggressive Bilateralism in Australian Trade Policy......Page 255
8 The WTO System in Crisis......Page 258
Conclusion......Page 262
Index......Page 263