Attention in Early Development: Themes and Variations

Contents......Page 12
Our Approach to Attention......Page 20
Development of Attention......Page 22
Individuality and Development......Page 25
Organization of the Book......Page 27
2. Constructs and Measures......Page 29
Selection of Objects and Locations......Page 30
Attention as State......Page 34
Behavioral Measures......Page 35
Physiological Measures......Page 37
Attention as Executive Control......Page 43
Voluntary Attention......Page 46
Limited Capacity......Page 47
Automatic versus Controlled Processes......Page 48
Summary......Page 49
Looking in the Newborn......Page 51
The Transition at 2 to 3 months......Page 52
Social Implications of the 2- to 3-Month Shift......Page 54
Processes Underlying the Transition at 2 to 3 Months......Page 56
Looking and the Development of the First Attention System......Page 57
Developmental Changes in Looking......Page 59
Processes Underlying the Transition at 9 Months......Page 62
Developments in Patterns of Looking......Page 65
The 18-Month Transition......Page 67
Processes Underlying the 18-Month Transition......Page 68
Behavioral Evidence......Page 69
Processes Underlying Development from 2 to 5 Years......Page 70
Summary......Page 72
Shifting Attention......Page 74
Scanning......Page 75
Shifting Attention Between Events......Page 80
Visual Search and Expectation......Page 84
Nonobservable Shifts of Attention......Page 89
Summary......Page 91
Changing Visual Preferences in the First Few Months......Page 92
A Shift from Quantitative to More Qualitative Bases for Selection......Page 93
Neural Underpinnings for the Shift in Selectivity at 2 to 3 Months......Page 94
Selection Based on Perceptual Experience......Page 96
Selection of Novel Objects and Events......Page 97
Selection of Novel Locations......Page 98
Selection Based on Motivational Relevance......Page 100
Social and Emotional Consequences of People......Page 101
Selection Based on What Is Relevant to New Motor Skills......Page 102
Selecting What Others Select......Page 106
Summary......Page 108
Engagement and Disengagement of Attention......Page 110
Initiation......Page 112
Engagement......Page 115
Disengagement and Termination of Attention......Page 118
Arousal......Page 120
Cognitive Factors......Page 122
Mutual Influences of Attention and Other States......Page 124
Summary......Page 126
General Conceptual Issues......Page 127
Framework for Development......Page 129
Orienting/Investigative System......Page 131
System of Higher Level Control......Page 133
Development of Two Systems of Attention......Page 134
Implications for Distractibility......Page 135
Conceptual Issues in the Study of Distractibility......Page 138
Common Mechanisms......Page 139
Developmental Changes in Mechanisms......Page 142
Can Distractors Help Performance?......Page 144
Summary......Page 148
8. Increasing Independence in the Control of Attention......Page 150
The Role of the Parent in State Control......Page 151
Shared Attention to Objects......Page 154
Cultural Influences......Page 156
Increased Awareness of Attention in Self and Others......Page 159
The Role of Changing Motivations......Page 162
Volitional Skills......Page 163
Summary......Page 171
Learning and Performance as Defining Aspects of Attention......Page 172
Does Attention Enhance Learning and Performance?......Page 173
Behavioral Evidence for the Role of Focused Attention......Page 175
Physiological Differentiation......Page 178
Discrimination Learning......Page 179
Sequence Learning......Page 183
Observational Learning......Page 184
Practice of Emerging Motor Skills......Page 186
Attention to Emerging Cognitive Skills......Page 187
Effort Involved in Emerging Use of Strategies......Page 188
Summary......Page 189
Studying Individual Differences......Page 191
Reactivity......Page 193
Sustained Visual Attention......Page 195
Focused Attention......Page 201
Related Dimensions of Individuality......Page 204
Motor Activity......Page 205
Higher Level Control of Impulses......Page 209
Attention and Emotionality......Page 212
Summary......Page 214
Attention Deficits in School-Age Children......Page 216
Excess Motor Activity and Attention......Page 217
Relating Disorders to Different Processes......Page 218
Early Signs of Hyperactivity......Page 219
Developmental Patterns......Page 222
Precursors to Attention Deficits Without Hyperactivity......Page 224
Attention Deficits in Other Conditions......Page 227
Infants with Regulatory Disorders......Page 228
Impaired Attention in Autistic Children in Social Situations......Page 229
Attention Deficit as Neurodevelopmental Lag......Page 232
A Temperament Approach to Attention Deficits......Page 233
Hypotheses About Optimal Arousal Level......Page 234
Imbalances of Activation and Inhibition......Page 236
Summary......Page 238
Early Biological Variation......Page 240
Environment as a Contributor......Page 242
An Interactionist Approach to Individual Differences......Page 243
Biological Bases......Page 248
Social Contributions to Developmental Patterns......Page 249
Individual Profiles of Development......Page 252
Summary......Page 256
Development......Page 258
Individual Differences......Page 259
The Larger Context......Page 260
References......Page 262
B......Page 298
G......Page 299
L......Page 300
R......Page 301
U......Page 302
Z......Page 303
A......Page 304
D......Page 305
H......Page 306
L......Page 307
N......Page 308
Q......Page 309
T......Page 310
W......Page 311