Atmospheric Water Harvesting Development and Challenges

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Atmospheric Water Generator Technologies
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 AWH by Moisture Sorption Technology
	1.3 AWH by Vapor Condensing Technology
	References
2 Outdoor Testing of Double Slope Condensation Surface for Extraction of Water from Air
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Providing Fresh Water to Arid Regions
	2.3 Extraction of Water from Atmospheric Air
	2.4 Commercial Applications of Extracting Water from Atmospheric Air
	2.5 Experimental Study of the Model
		2.5.1 Description of Apparatus
		2.5.2 Experiment Procedures
	2.6 Mathematical Model
		2.6.1 Productivity Model
		2.6.2 Model of Solar Radiation
		2.6.3 Simulation
	2.7 Results and Discussion of Experimental and Theoretical Model
		2.7.1 Daily Efficiency
		2.7.2 Comparison Between Different Designs Including the Present Work
	2.8 Conclusion
	References
3 New Materials for Sorption-Based Atmospheric Water Harvesting: Opportunities and Challenges
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 The Basic Principle of AWHA
	3.3 Desiccant Materials for AWHA
		3.3.1 Requirements for the Sorbent Properties
		3.3.2 Solid Adsorbents
		3.3.3 Liquid and Solid Absorbents
		3.3.4 Composite Sorbents Based on Hygroscopic Salts
	3.4 Cycles and Configurations
		3.4.1 Active Versus Passive Cycles
		3.4.2 Open Versus Semi-open Systems
	3.5 Summary and Outlooks
	References
4 Metal-Oxide Frameworks for Atmospheric Water Harvesting
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Atmospheric Water Harvesting Based on Adsorption
	4.3 Development of MOFs
	4.4 Conclusions and Future Trends in MOFs-Based Adsorbent
	References
5 Solar Adsorption-Based Atmospheric Water Harvesting Systems: Materials and Technologies
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 AWH Working Concept
	5.2 Adsorption Materials for AWH
		5.2.1 Silica Gel
		5.2.2 Zeolite
		5.2.3 Activated Carbon Fiber
		5.2.4 Expanded Natural Graphite
		5.2.5 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
		5.2.6 Hydrogel
		5.2.7 Closure of the Adsorption Materials
	5.3 Atmospheric Water Harvesting Technologies
		5.3.1 Technologies of AWH Devices Powered by Solar Energy
		5.3.2 Solar Glass Desiccant Box-Type Systems (SGDBTS)
		5.3.3 Solar Glass Desiccant Pyramid-Prism Type Systems (SGDPS)
		5.3.4 Solar Glass Desiccant Focus Type System (SGDFTS)
		5.3.5 Portable AWH Systems
		5.3.6 Supplementary AWH Systems
		5.3.7 Closure of AWH Systems
	5.4 Conclusions
	References
6 Potential of Atmospheric Water Harvesting in Arid Regions: Case Studies
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Methods for Atmospheric Water Harvesting
		6.2.1 Natural Harvesting (Tu et al. 2018)
		6.2.2 Early Atmospheric Water Generator (Tu et al. 2018)
		6.2.3 Modern Atmospheric Water Generators (Tu et al. 2018)
		6.2.4 Rain Collection
		6.2.5 Fog Harvesting (Maleki et al. 2021)
		6.2.6 Dew Water Collection (Tu et al. 2018)
		6.2.7 Condensation of Vapor
		6.2.8 Cooling of Ambient Air
	6.3 Atmospheric Water Harvesting in Arid and Semi Arid Regions (Case Studies)
		6.3.1 Namibia-Fog as a Source (Shanyengana et al. 2002)
		6.3.2 Chile-Dew Water Harvesting
		6.3.3 Rajasthan-Water Harvesting and Moisture Conservation (Narain et al. 2005)
		6.3.4 Syria-Atmospheric Water Harvesting Via Fog and Dew Water
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7 Sustainability of Atmospheric Water Harvesting in the Remote Areas
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Techniques of Atmospheric Water Harvesting
		7.2.1 Fog Water Collection
		7.2.2 Dew Water Collection
	7.3 Understanding Moisture Sorption Mechanism
	7.4 Structural Design of AWH
		7.4.1 Silica Gel
		7.4.2 Activated Carbon Fibres
		7.4.3 Metal Organic Frameworks
		7.4.4 3-D Polymeric Network Hydrogels
	7.5 Summary
	References
8 Techno-economic Assessment of Atmospheric Water Harvesting (AWH) Technologies
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 AWH Technologies
		8.2.1 Artificial Rain Harvesting Technologies
		8.2.2 Fog Water Harvesting (FWH) Technologies
		8.2.3 Dew Water Harvesting Technologies
		8.2.4 Economic Analysis of AWH Systems
	References
9 Businesses Based on Atmospheric Water Harvesting Around the World
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Atmospheric Water Harvesting Technologies
	9.3 Types of Businesses Around Atmospheric Water Harvesting
		9.3.1 Businesses Related to Atmospheric Water Generators
		9.3.2 Desiccants Market
		9.3.3 Hydropanels Market
		9.3.4 Fog Collectors
		9.3.5 Bottled Atmospheric Drinking Water Market
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
10 Awareness of Atmospheric Water Harvesting Technology in a Community: Case Study of Pretoria North in South Africa
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Methodology
		10.2.1 Study Area
		10.2.2 Design
		10.2.3 Ethical Considerations
		10.2.4 Execution Plan
	10.3 Results
		10.3.1 Participation Per Age Group
		10.3.2 General Survey Outcome Regarding the Perception of the Different Age Groups
		10.3.3 Perception of Age Groups Regarding the Consideration of AWH
		10.3.4 Perception of Age Groups Regarding the Payment for Quality Water
	10.4 Conclusion
	References