Atlas of Endoscopy Imaging in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

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Atlas of Endoscopy Imaging in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Introduction and classification of inflammatory bowel diseases
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Spectrum of inflammatory bowel disease and classification
	Diagnosis and differential diagnosis
	Summary and recommendations
	Acknowledgment
	Disclosures
	References
2 Setup and principle of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Setup for inflammatory bowel disease endoscopy
	Principles
		Techniques of tissue biopsy
		Special endoscopy
	Summary and recommendations
	References
3 Normal gastrointestinal tract and variations on endoscopy
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Esophagus
	Stomach
	Duodenum
	Distal ileum
	Ileocecal valve, cecum, and appendix
	Colon and rectum
	Anus and anal canal
	Summary and recommendations
	References
4 Crohn’s disease: inflammatory type
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Oral, esophageal, and gastric Crohn’s disease of inflammatory type
	Jejunum and ileum Crohn’s disease of inflammatory type
	Distal ileum inflammatory Crohn’s disease
	Colonic Crohn’s disease/Crohn’s colitis
	Crohn’s disease in surgically altered small bowel
	Summary and recommendations
	References
5 Strictures in Crohn’s disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Esophageal and gastroduodenal stricturing Crohn’s disease
	Deep small bowel stricturing Crohn’s disease
	Ileal stricturing Crohn’s disease
	Stricturing ilececal valve in Crohn’s disease
	Large bowel and anal stricures in Crohn’s disease
	Summary and recommendation
	Disclosure
	References
6 Crohn’s disease: penetrating type
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Enteroenteric fistula
	Enterocutaneous fistula
	Enterovesical and entero-vaginal fistulae
	Summary and recommendations
	References
7 Endoscopic evaluation of perianal Crohn’s disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Etiologies of perianal Crohn’s disease
	Associated conditions
		Strictures
		Abscesses
		Fistula to adjacent organs
		Inflammation around internal opening of fistula
		Perianal skin lesions in the presence or absence of external opening of fistula
		Perineal Crohn’s disease
		Other benign or malignant lesion in the distal bowel or perianal areas
	Characteristics of fistula to sphincters
	Summary and recommendations
	References
8 Crohn’s disease: postsurgical
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Bowel resection and anastomosis
	Strictureplasty
	Fecal diversion with ostomy
	Bypass surgery
	Other surgeries
	Summary and recommendations
	References
9 Ulcerative colitis
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Disease extent and distribution
		Terminal ileum intubation
		Cecal patch, rectal sparing, and patchy distribution
	Patterns of mucosal inflammation
		Erosions and ulcers
		Erythema, edema, loss of vascularity, friability, and spontaneous bleeding
		Granularity, nodularity, and pseudopolyps
		Fibrosis and muscular hyperplasia
	Histologic evaluation
	Summary and recommendations
	References
10 Indeterminate colitis and inflammatory bowel disease unclassified
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Classic Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
	Definitions of indeterminate colitis and inflammatory bowel disease unclassified
	Crohn’s disease variants
		Superficial or continuous inflammation in Crohn’s disease
		Nonspecific small bowel erosions and ulcers
		Circumferential erosions or ulcers
	Ulcerative colitis variants
		Backwash ileitis
		Rectal sparing and patchy colitis
		Periappendiceal or cecal patch
		Aphthous and longitudinal ulcers and other uncommon mucosal diseases
		Pseudogranulomas
		Transmural inflammation and indeterminate colitis
		Strictures in the large bowel
		Upper gastrointestinal tract involvement
		Postcolectomy enteritis syndrome
		Anal and perianal diseases
	Summary and recommendations
	References
11 Ulcerative colitis: postsurgical
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Summary and recommendations
	References
12 Inflammatory bowel disease–associated neoplasia
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Colitis- or enteritis-associated adenocarcinoma
		Ulcerative colitis–associated cancer
		Crohn’s disease–associated cancer
		Cuff and pouch cancer
	Anorectal and perianal cancer
	Gastrointestinal lymphoma
	Summary and recommendations
	References
13 Diversion-associated bowel diseases
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Diversion-associated inflammatory disorders
	Diversion-associated strictures
	Cancer surveillance in the diverted bowel
	Summary and recommendations
	References
14 Endoscopic scores in inflammatory bowel disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Components of endoscopic assessment of mucosal inflammation
	Crohn’s disease
		Instruments for clinical disease activity
		The Crohn’s Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity
		The Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’s Disease
		The Rutgeerts Score in ileocolonic resection and ileocolonic anastomosis
		The Rutgeerts Score in patients with ileostomy
		Endoscopy in the assessment of the Digestive Damage Score
	Ulcerative colitis
		The Mayo Endoscopy Subscore
		The modified Mayo Endoscopic Score
		The Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity
		Ulcerative Colitis Colonoscopic Index of Severity
	Inflammatory disorders of the ileal pouch
	Diverted bowel
	Strictureplasty
	Disease monitoring and endoscopic healing
	Summary and recommendations
	References
15 Histologic evaluation of disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Macroscopic features of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
	Endoscopic tissue sampling in inflammatory bowel disease
	Microscopic features of ulcerative colitis
	Microscopic features of Crohn’s disease
	Histologic grading systems in pouchitis and cuffitis
	Histologic mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease
	Summary and recommendations
	Grant support
	Disclosure
	References
16 Postoperative complications in Crohn’s disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Obstruction
	Acute and chronic sutures or staple line leaks
	Anastomosis bleeding
	Stoma complications
	Summary and recommendations
	References
17 Capsule endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Crohn’s disease
	Ulcerative colitis
	Ileal pouch disorders
	Assessment of small bowel motility in inflammatory bowel disease
	Capsule retention
	Summary and recommendation
	Disclosure
	References
18 Enteroscopy in inflammatory bowel disease and inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Crohn’s diseases
	Ulcerative colitis
	Non–inflammatory bowel disease small bowel disorders
	Summary and recommendations
	Disclosure
	References
19 Chromoendoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Disease scoring systems
	Dye chromoendoscopy
	Virtual chromoendoscopy
		Narrow-band imaging
			I-SCAN and FISE
		Blue-light imaging
	Autofluorescence
	Multimode imaging
	Summary and recommendations
	References
20 Confocal endomicroscopy and other image-enhanced endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Confocal laser endomicroscopy
		Structural assessment of the intestine
		Functional assessment of the mucosal barrier
		Surveillance of dysplasia
		Other potential applications in inflammatory bowel disease
	Endocytoscopy
	Magnification endoscopy
	Molecular imaging
	Optical coherence tomography
	Elastography
	Summary and recommendations
	Disclosure
	References
21 Molecular imaging in inflammatory bowel disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Confocal laser endomicroscopy
	Molecular imaging for grading intestinal inflammation and prediction of response to medical therapy
	Molecular imaging in colitis-associated neoplasia and sporadic colonic cancer
	Summary and recommendations
	References
22 Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: radiation injury of the gut
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Radiation enteritis
	Radiation colitis and proctitis
	Radiation gastrointestinal injury in inflammatory bowel disease-associated cancer
	Inflammatory bowel disease patients undergoing radiation for extraintestinal cancer
	Summary and recommendations
	References
23 Superimposed infections in inflammatory bowel diseases
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Bacterial infections
		Clostridioides difficile
		Campylobacter spp
		Mycobacterium spp
		Other enteric bacterial pathogens
	Viral infection
		Cytomegalovirus
		Epstein–Barr virus
		Herpes simplex virus
		Human papillomavirus
	Fungal infection
		Candida spp
		Histoplasma capsulatum
	Parasite infections
		Entamoeba histolytica
		Cryptosporidium spp
	Summary and recommendations
	Acknowledgment
	Disclosures
	References
24 Inflammatory bowel disease–associated digestive disorders
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Esophagus and stomach
	Small intestine
	Colon
	Rectum and rectal cuff
	Liver
	Pancreas
	Summary and recommendations
	References
25 Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: infectious
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Bacteria-associated bowel diseases
		Intestinal tuberculosis
		Intracellular enteric pathogens
		Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile
	Virus-associated bowel diseases
		Human immune deficiency virus
		Cytomegalovirus
		Epstein–Barr virus
		Human papilla virus
	Fungus-associated bowel diseases
	Parasite-associated bowel diseases
		Entamoeba histolytica
		Schistosoma
	Summary and recommendations
	Disclosure
	References
26 Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: other immune-mediated gastrointestinal disorders
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Celiac disease
	Microscopic colitis
		Lymphocytic colitis
		Collagenous colitis
	Autoimmune enteropathy
	Autoimmune disorders with gastrointestinal or extraintestinal involvement
		Lupus enteritis
		Systemic sclerosis
		Sjögren’s syndrome
		Rheumatoid arthritis
	Autoinflammatory diseases
	Immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated colitis
	Sarcoidosis
	Amyloidosis
	Summary and recommendations
	References
27 Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions after organ transplantation
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	De novo inflammatory bowel disease or inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions after organ transplantation
	Cytomegalovirus- and Epstein–Barr virus–associated inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions after organ transplantation
	Graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract
	Mycophenolate mofetil-associated inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions
	Summary and recommendations
	Conflict of interest
	References
28 Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: ischemic bowel diseases and vasculitides
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Ischemic bowel diseases
		Colonic ischemia
		Phlebosclerotic colitis
	Vasculitides
		Behçet disease
		IgA vasculitis (Henoch–Schönlein purpura)
		Systemic lupus erythematosus
		Polyarteritis nodosa
		Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
	Summary and recommendations
	Acknowledgment
	Disclosure
	References
29 Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: medication-induced enteropathy
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
	Potassium agents
	Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and receptor blockers
	Sodium polystyrene sulfonate
	Mycophenolate mofetil
	Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy
	Immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated colitis
	Enterocolitis due to miscellaneous agents
	Summary and recommendations
	Disclosure
	References
30 Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: immune deficiencies
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Evaluation of immune deficiency
	Gastrointestinal infections
		Clostridioides difficile colitis and enteritis
		Enterocolitis from pathogens
	Immune deficiency-associated gastrointestinal inflammation
		Cellular immune deficiency
		Common variable immunodeficiency
		IgA deficiency
	Immune deficiency resulting from inflammatory bowel disease or inflammatory bowel disease therapy
	Summary and recommendations
	References
31 Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: monogenic gastrointestinal disorders
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Very early–onset inflammatory bowel disease
	Primary immunodeficiency
	Infectious colitis in infants
	Summary and recommendations
	Disclosure
	References
32 Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: miscellaneous
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders
	Cryptogenic multifocal ulcerous stenosing enteritis
	Small bowel ulcers resulting from adhesion and strangulation
	Sclerosing mesenteritis
	Cat scratch colon
	Endometriosis
	Meckel’s diverticulum
	Sarcoidosis
	Hypoalbuminemia
	Diverticular colitis
	Rectal prolapse and solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
	Summary and recommendations
	References
33 Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions: gastrointestinal lymphoma and other neoplasms
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Gastrointestinal lymphoma
	Polyposis, adenocarcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumor of the gastrointestinal tract
	Inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal cancer
	Summary and recommendations
	References
34 Histology correlation with common endoscopic abnormalities
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Acute phase of inflammatory bowel disease
		Acute phase of ulcerative colitis
		Acute phase of Crohn’s disease
	Chronic phase or long-term complication of inflammatory bowel disease
		Endoscopic features of mucosal scars in ulcerative colitis
		Short gut, obstruction, and lymphoma
		Differential diagnosis of mucosal scar
	Neoplastic complications in inflammatory bowel disease patients
		Flat dysplasia
		Neoplasia visible on endoscopy
		Serrated lesions
	Endoscopic and histologic mimics of inflammatory bowel disease
		Entities mimicking ulcerative colitis
		Entities mimicking Crohn’s disease
	Summary
	Disclosure
	References
35 Transmural endoscopic imaging in inflammatory bowel disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Rectal endoscopic ultrasound
	Endoscopic optical coherence tomography
	Ultrasound elastography
	Summary and recommendations
	Disclosure
	References
36 Inflammatory bowel disease–associated bleeding
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Bleeding from underlying diseases
	Bleeding from surgical sites
	Bleeding from fecal diversion
	Bleeding from endoscopic intervention
	Summary and conclusion
	References
37 Endoscopic evaluation of bezoars and foreign bodies in inflammatory bowel diseases
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Bezoars and foreign bodies associated with strictures
	Bezoars and foreign bodies in ileal pouches and diverted bowels
	Dislodged or misfired staples
	Summary and recommendations
	Grant support
	Disclosure
	References
38 Macroscopic examination of surgically resected specimens in inflammatory bowel disease
	Abbreviations
	Introduction
	Crohn’s disease
	Ulcerative colitis
	Inflammatory bowel disease–like conditions
	Summary and recommendations
	Disclosure
	References
Index
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