Atlas of Emergency Neurovascular Imaging

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: Acute Stroke Imaging
	1.1	 Introduction
	1.2	 Core, Penumbra, and Oligemia
	1.3	 Goal of Acute Stroke Imaging
	1.4	 CT-Based Imaging
		1.4.1	 NCCT
		1.4.2	 CT Angiography
		1.4.3	 Collateral Assessment
		1.4.4	 CT Perfusion
		1.4.5	 Limitation of CT Perfusion
	1.5	 MRI-Based Imaging
		1.5.1	 Strengths and Weaknesses of MRI in Acute Stroke Imaging
		1.5.2	 MRI Protocol
	References
2: Ischemic Stroke Vascular Territory
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Anterior Circulation
		2.2.1	 Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)
		2.2.2	 Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)
		2.2.3	 Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
	2.3	 Posterior Circulation
		2.3.1	 Vertebral Artery
		2.3.2	 Basilar Artery
		2.3.3	 Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) and Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA)
		2.3.4	 Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
	2.4	 Border Zone Infarction
	References
3: Imaging of Stroke Mimics
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Seizure
	3.3	 Migraine
	3.4	 Tumor
	3.5	 Infection and Inflammation
	3.6	 MELAS (Mitochondrial Myopathy, Encephalopathy with Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes)
	3.7	 Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease (CJD)
	3.8	 Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
	3.9	 Hypoglycemic Encephalopathy
	3.10	 Hyperammonemic Encephalopathy
	3.11	 Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
	3.12	 Osmotic Demyelination Syndrome (ODS)
	3.13	 Drug Toxicity
	3.14	 Cerebral Fat Embolism (CFE)
	References
4: Cerebrovenous Thrombosis
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Parenchymal Changes Associated with CVT
	4.3	 Identification of Venous Thrombosis
		4.3.1	 Non-contrast CT (NCCT)
		4.3.2	 CT Venogram
		4.3.3	 MRI
		4.3.4	 MR Venogram
	4.4	 Treatment
	References
5: Cerebral Vasculopathy: CNS Vasculitis, RCVS, and PRES
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 CNS Vasculitis
		5.2.1	 Secondary CNS Vasculitis
		5.2.2	 Imaging Modality of CNS Vasculitis
		5.2.3	 Primary Angiitis of CNS (PACNS)
	5.3	 RCVS
		5.3.1	 Definition of RCVS
		5.3.2	 Clinical Presentation
		5.3.3	 Conventional Imaging
		5.3.4	 MRI Vessel Wall Imaging of Cerebral Vasculopathy
		5.3.5	 Treatment
	5.4	 PRES
	References
6: Miscellaneous Cerebral Vasculopathy
	6.1	 Moyamoya Vasculopathy
	6.2	 Radiation-Induced Vasculopathy
	6.3	 Drug-Induced Cerebral Vasculopathy
	6.4	 Childhood Stroke and Arteriopathy
	6.5	 CADASIL
	6.6	 Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
	References
7: Traumatic Neurovascular Injury
	7.1	 Mechanism and Pathophysiology
	7.2	 Screening Criteria
	7.3	 Screening Modality
	7.4	 BCVI Grading
	7.5	 Differential Diagnosis
	7.6	 Treatment and Follow-Up Imaging
	7.7	 Spontaneous Dissection
	7.8	 Traumatic Dural Sinus Injury
	References
8: Cerebral Aneurysm
	8.1	 Pathophysiology
	8.2	 Classification
		8.2.1	 Saccular Aneurysms
		8.2.2	 Fusiform and Dissecting Aneurysms
		8.2.3	 Dolichoectasia
		8.2.4	 Blood-Blister Aneurysm
		8.2.5	 Infectious Aneurysms
		8.2.6	 Size
	8.3	 Clinical Manifestations
	8.4	 Imaging Modality of Intracranial Aneurysms
	8.5	 Management
		8.5.1	 Ruptured Aneurysms
		8.5.2	 Unruptured Aneurysms
	8.6	 Follow-Up After Treatment
	References
9: Cerebral Vascular Malformations
	9.1	 Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
		9.1.1	 Definition
		9.1.2	 Feeding Artery and Draining Vein
		9.1.3	 Associated Aneurysms
		9.1.4	 Grading
		9.1.5	 Imaging Evaluation
		9.1.6	 Treatment
		9.1.7	 Differential Diagnosis
	9.2	 Dural Arteriovenous Fistula (DAVF)
		9.2.1	 Definition
		9.2.2	 Classifications
		9.2.3	 Imaging
		9.2.4	 Treatment
	9.3	 Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation (VGAM)
	9.4	 Cavernous Malformation (CM)
	9.5	 Developmental Venous Anomaly (DVA)
	References
10: Vascular Emergency of the Head and Neck
	10.1	 Traumatic Injury to External Carotid Artery
	10.2	 Iatrogenic Vascular Injury
	10.3	 Vascular Complication of Head and Neck Infections
	10.4	 Vascular Complications of Head and Neck Tumors
	10.5	 Vascular Malformation
		10.5.1	 Carotid-Cavernous Fistula
		10.5.2	 Low-Flow Orbital Vascular Lesions
		10.5.3	 Mandibular AVM
	10.6	 Carotidynia
	References
11: Spinal Vascular Diseases
	11.1	 Vascular Anatomy
		11.1.1	 Arterial System
		11.1.2	 Venous System
	11.2	 Diagnostic Modality
	11.3	 Cord Infarction
	11.4	 Spinal Vascular Malformation
		11.4.1	 Type I Spinal Dural AV Fistula (SDAVF)
		11.4.2	 Type II Intramedullary AVM
		11.4.3	 Type III Intradural and Extradural AVM
		11.4.4	 Type IV Intradural Perimedullary AVF
	11.5	 Spinal Cavernous Malformation
	11.6	 Spinal Hemangioblastoma
	References
Index