At What Cost: The Economics of Gypsy and Traveller Encampments

AT WHAT COST?......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
List of tables......Page 6
Preface......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 8
List of acronyms......Page 9
Pitfalls of research on costs......Page 12
Background to the research......Page 13
A pilot study......Page 15
Unauthorised encampments – definitions and context......Page 16
The nature of unauthorised encampments......Page 17
Travelling People......Page 19
2. Past and present law......Page 22
Consensus years: public site provision 1970 to 1992......Page 23
Modern intolerance: 1992 to the present......Page 25
From Bill to Act: 1994 to 2002......Page 31
Numbers of unauthorised encampments......Page 33
Loss of public pitches......Page 36
Basic data......Page 40
Local and ‘long-distance’......Page 42
Budgeting for and categorising costs......Page 44
‘Toleration’......Page 49
Measured, unmeasured and immeasurable costs......Page 51
Increasing and decreasing costs......Page 53
Additional comments......Page 54
Case study: the costs in Scotland......Page 57
Totalling the costs......Page 59
Travelling People......Page 62
The police service......Page 71
Other landowners......Page 72
The planning system......Page 74
5. Best Value......Page 78
Best Value and consultation......Page 81
The role of politics......Page 83
Best Value and equality......Page 85
Best Value and the police service......Page 88
Best Value and unauthorised encampments: a case study......Page 91
Unauthorised encampments: a Best Value issue......Page 94
The 1998 Human Rights Act......Page 98
The Race Relations Acts......Page 100
Best Value and race relations......Page 103
Central government and local services......Page 106
7. Conclusion: obstacles and opportunities......Page 112
References......Page 116
Appendix A: Further examples of concerns expressed by local authorities in relation to the costs of unauthorised encampments......Page 122
Appendix B: 1998 TLRU pilot study on the costs of unauthorised encampments......Page 126
Appendix C: 1999 TLRU questions to local authorities on the costs to them of unauthorised encampments......Page 130
Reform of the 1968 Caravan Sites Act......Page 132
The problem......Page 137
The 1986 Public Order Act......Page 138
Civil remedies......Page 139
The 1990 Environmental Protection Act......Page 140
The government’s proposals to tackle illegal camping......Page 141
Accommodation for Gypsies and other Travellers......Page 143
Repeal of 1968 duties......Page 144
Encouragement towards settlement and permanent housing......Page 145
Planning policy......Page 147
Conclusions......Page 148
Appendix E: Racial attitudes and prejudice in Northern Ireland......Page 150
Appendix F: Best Value and unauthorised encampments in Dorset......Page 152
Appendix G: Northampton Borough Council Best Value review of encampments......Page 154
Summary of recommendations......Page 155
2. Performance indicators......Page 156
3. Survey requirements......Page 160
4. 2001 Census......Page 161
Index......Page 162