'At the Entrance Sin is Crouching'': The Source of Sin and Its Nature as Portrayed in Second Temple Literature

3482858.pdf......Page 1
DEDICATION......Page 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 5
ABSTRACT......Page 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 10
ABBREVIATIONS......Page 11
SYMBOLS EMPLOYED IN TEXT TRANSCRIPTIONS......Page 18
I. Introduction......Page 20
II. Nonsectarian Second Temple Prayer and the Inclination to Sin......Page 52
Need for Divine Aid: 4QBarkhi Nafshi......Page 60
Divine Assistance: The Words of the Luminaries......Page 71
God’s Responsibility for Sin: 4QCommunal Confession......Page 77
Contrasting Views in an Authorial Community: Psalms of Solomon......Page 83
Hodayot......Page 88
“Hymn of Praise” in the Community Rule......Page 111
Sectarian Prayer: Hodayot and the Community Rule Hymn......Page 118
The Road Not Travelled: Prayers Not Connected to an Inclination to Sin......Page 119
Conclusion: Second Temple Prayer and the Innate Inclination to Sin......Page 122
IV.  Covenantal Texts and the Inclination to Sin......Page 124
The Community Rule......Page 125
Inclination to Sin as “Enabling” Free Will in 1QS V......Page 131
The Damascus Document (CD) II.14-III.12a......Page 145
Change in the Watchers Myth......Page 151
Use of šryrwt lbbm (שרירות לבם) and rṣwn (רצון) in CD III.2-12a......Page 152
CD II.2-13: Possible Contradiction of Free Choice......Page 162
The Paradigm of the Human Inclination to Sin in Covenantal Texts......Page 168
V.  Wisdom Literature and the Inclination to Sin: The Book of Sirach......Page 171
Sirach: Textual History......Page 172
Sirach 15:11-20......Page 174
Possible Hellenistic Influence in Sirach 33......Page 209
Sir 21:11......Page 218
Conclusion: Ben Sira’s Approach to Sin......Page 224
VI. Philo of Alexandria and the Inclination to Sin......Page 227
Creation of the potential for sin in humankind......Page 231
Adam and Sin......Page 237
Human inclination toward sin......Page 239
Determinism......Page 243
Conclusion: Philo and Ben Sira......Page 247
4 Ezra......Page 250
Inevitable Sinfulness in 4 Ezra......Page 259
The Angel and 4 Maccabees......Page 261
2 Baruch......Page 270
Adam’s Sin in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch......Page 271
2 Baruch and 4 Ezra......Page 276
Inclination to Sin and the Gentile......Page 281
Conclusion: The Innate Inclination to Sin in Second Temple Literature......Page 285
VIII. 1 Enoch and the Demonic Paradigm......Page 288
Methodological Approach to Demonic Texts......Page 290
The Role of Sin in the Three Traditions......Page 306
1 Enoch 15:1-16:1......Page 310
Summary: Watchers in 1 Enoch......Page 325
IX.  Jubilees and the Demonic Paradigm......Page 328
External and Internal Source of Sin......Page 391
Belial......Page 392
Limitation of Demonic Power......Page 393
Introduction: Demonic Source of Sin at Qumran......Page 395
The Watchers in the Dead Sea Scrolls......Page 396
“Pesher of the Periods” (4Q180)......Page 398
Songs of the Sage (4Q510-511)......Page 400
11Q11......Page 407
4Q444......Page 409
The Plea for Deliverance......Page 413
Comparison of Sectarian and Nonsectarian Prayers......Page 424
XI.  Belial in the Damascus Document and the War Scroll......Page 428
Belial in the Damascus Document......Page 432
The Damascus Document and Mastema......Page 452
XII. Belial in the Community Rule and Liturgical Curse Texts......Page 472
XIII.  Sin and Its Source in the Treatise of the Two Spirits......Page 510
XIV.  Summary and Conclusions......Page 544
Bibliography......Page 574