At Risk

BOOK COVER......Page 1
HALF-TITLE......Page 2
TITLE......Page 3
COPYRIGHT......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
FIGURES AND TABLES......Page 13
PREFACE......Page 15
Part I FRAMEWORK AND THEORY......Page 18
IN AT THE DEEP END......Page 20
AUDIENCES......Page 23
WHAT IS VULNERABILITY?......Page 25
ORIENTATION, SCOPE, AND PLAN OF THE BOOK......Page 27
Limitation of scale......Page 31
Technology and human hazards......Page 32
NOTES......Page 34
Two models......Page 38
The chain of explanation......Page 39
TIME AND THE CHAIN OF EXPLANATION......Page 43
LIMITS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE......Page 46
GLOBAL DYNAMIC FACTORS......Page 47
Population growth......Page 49
Rapid urbanization......Page 53
Global economic pressures......Page 56
Land degradation and environmental losses......Page 58
Global environmental change......Page 59
NOTES......Page 60
ACCESS TO RESOURCES......Page 64
THE FORMAL FRAMEWORK: THE ‘HOUSEHOLD’ SUBMODEL......Page 67
THE FORMAL FRAMEWORK: HOUSEHOLDS IN SOCIETY......Page 70
INCORPORATING CHANGE OVER TIME......Page 72
THE ACCESS MODEL AND VULNERABILITY......Page 75
THE ACCESS MODEL AS A RESEARCH FRAMEWORK......Page 77
VULNERABILITY AND POVERTY......Page 78
COPING IN ADVERSITY......Page 79
Coping defined......Page 80
Types of coping strategies......Page 81
Impact-minimizing strategies......Page 82
Diversification of the production strategy......Page 83
Development of social support networks......Page 84
COPING AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS......Page 86
NOTES......Page 87
Part II VULNERABILITY AND HAZARD TYPES......Page 90
INTRODUCTION......Page 92
FAMINES AND CONFLICTING IDEAS ABOUT THEIR CAUSES......Page 93
Indian Famine Codes......Page 97
Influence of disaster vulnerability analysis......Page 98
Natural hazards and link with food availability decline......Page 99
Markets and market-failure explanations......Page 101
Failures of entitlements......Page 102
Criticisms of the entitlements approach......Page 104
ACCESS AND FAMINE......Page 105
POLICY......Page 110
Early warning systems......Page 112
Response to famine from the grass roots......Page 113
NOTES......Page 115
INTRODUCTION......Page 118
Limits to vulnerability analysis?......Page 119
THE PERSPECTIVE OF POPULATION BIOLOGY......Page 120
The role of access......Page 121
Regional social environment......Page 123
Regional physical environment......Page 124
Genetic defences......Page 125
Cultural defences......Page 129
ROOT CAUSES AND PRESSURES: BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS AND VULNERABILITY IN AFRICA......Page 130
Earlier successes......Page 131
Policy directions......Page 132
Precautionary science......Page 136
NOTES......Page 137
INTRODUCTION......Page 140
FLOODS AND KNOWN RISKS......Page 141
Mortality, morbidity, and injury......Page 142
Livelihood disruption......Page 144
FLOODS AND VULNERABILITY......Page 148
FLOODING AND DEFORESTATION: THE CAUSATION CONTROVERSY......Page 149
Local-level mitigation......Page 151
Flood prevention......Page 152
NOTES......Page 160
INTRODUCTION......Page 162
THE PHYSICAL HAZARD......Page 164
PATTERNS OF VULNERABILITY......Page 165
Contemporary coastal settlement......Page 166
Coastal livelihoods......Page 167
Remote coasts......Page 172
Densely populated rural coasts......Page 176
Rapidly-industrializing coasts......Page 178
POLICY RESPONSE......Page 180
NOTES......Page 181
VULNERABILITY TO EARTHQUAKES......Page 184
Vulnerability to hazard warnings......Page 188
LANDSLIDES......Page 198
VOLCANOES AND RELATED HAZARDS......Page 200
POLICY RESPONSE AND MITIGATION......Page 201
NOTES......Page 208
Part III ACTION FOR DISASTER REDUCTION......Page 210
INTRODUCTION......Page 212
THE PERUVIAN EARTHQUAKE OF 1970......Page 213
SUDAN 1983–92......Page 217
Principle 1: Recognize and integrate the coping mechanisms of disaster survivors and local agencies......Page 221
Principle 2: Avoid arbitrary relief assistance......Page 222
Principle 4: Avoid relief dependency......Page 224
Principle 6: Recognize disasters as political events......Page 225
Principle 8: Balance reform and conservation......Page 226
Principle 9: Avoid rebuilding injustice......Page 227
Principle 11: Relocation is the worst option......Page 228
Principle 12: Maximize the transition from relief to development......Page 229
Educating about the global-local connection......Page 230
CONCLUSION......Page 231
NOTES......Page 233
A decade for disaster reduction......Page 234
‘Release’ from the pressure......Page 235
‘Living with’ hazards......Page 237
Principle 1: Vigorously manage mitigation......Page 238
Principle 3: Capitalize on a disaster to initiate or to develop mitigation......Page 240
Principle 4: Monitor and modify to suit new conditions......Page 241
Principle 5: Focus attention on protection of the most vulnerable......Page 244
Principle 7: Focus on active rather than passive approaches......Page 245
Principle 9: Measures must be sustainable over time......Page 246
Principle 11: Incorporate mitigation into specific development projects......Page 247
DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION......Page 248
CONCLUSION: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE REDUCTION OF DISASTERS......Page 249
Action in the fields and on the streets: tapping the energy of citizen-activists for disaster mitigation......Page 251
NOTES......Page 254
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 256
INDEX......Page 294