At Loggerheads?: Agricultural Expansion, Poverty Reduction, And Environment in the Tropical Forests (World Bank Policy Research Report)

Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 17
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 19
Why Are Tropical Forests a Concern?......Page 21
This Report’s Aims, Audience, and Scope......Page 22
2 The World Bank’s Forest Strategy......Page 25
Poverty, Biodiversity Loss, and Deforestation in Madagascar......Page 39
Wealth, Biodiversity Loss, and Deforestation in Brazil’s Cerrado......Page 41
Part I: The Where and Why of Deforestation and Forest Poverty......Page 45
Three Stylized Forest Types......Page 47
From Stylized Types to Mapped Domains......Page 51
1.2 Mapping the Domains and Tallying Their Populations......Page 57
Trends in Forest Change......Page 60
Threatened Species—Concentrated in Less-remote Areas and Mosaiclands......Page 67
Summary......Page 70
2. Incentives and Constraints Shape Forest Outcomes......Page 73
The View from the Forest Plot: Comparing the Returns to Forestry and Agriculture......Page 74
How Do Agroclimate, Prices, Technology, Tenure, and Other Factors Affect Deforestation and Income?......Page 80
Forest Trajectories: Roads, Markets, and Rights Shape Outcomes for Environment and Income......Page 91
Summary......Page 98
3. Poverty in Forests Stems from Remoteness and Lack of Rights......Page 101
3.1a Poverty Rates for Brazil......Page 102
Remote Forests—High Poverty Rates, Low Poverty Densities......Page 104
Incomes of Forest Dwellers Depend on Rights and Access to Forestlands......Page 108
Forests, Poverty, and Deforestation: Ambiguous Relationships......Page 113
Summary......Page 124
4. Deforestation Imposes Geographically Varied Environmental Damages......Page 129
Biodiversity Loss—A Local and Global Concern......Page 130
How Does Deforestation Affect Water, Air, and Weather?......Page 135
Deforestation Spurs Climate Change......Page 145
4.2 Deforestation Would Be Unprofi table in Many Land Systems at Modest Carbon Prices......Page 149
Summary......Page 151
Part II: Institutional and Policy Responses......Page 155
How Should Society Balance Environmental Services against Production of Food, Fiber, and Wood?......Page 157
Balancing Interests while Enforcing Commitments......Page 159
Catalytic Innovations in Institutions and Technology......Page 160
Summary......Page 170
6. Local and National Policies: Framing Rights and Incentives for Forest Management......Page 173
The Challenge of Forest Confl ict......Page 174
Forest Rights and Restrictions—A Range of Possibilities......Page 175
Public Management of Forests: Protected Areas and Concessions......Page 181
Community Control of Forests—Balancing Rights and Responsibilities......Page 191
6.3 Latin American Countries Impose Varying Restrictions on Deforestation of Private Property......Page 198
Other Development Policies with Forest Spillovers......Page 208
Summary......Page 213
Forest Carbon Finance: An Ungrasped Opportunity......Page 215
Why Carbon Finance Makes Sense for Forests and Rural Development......Page 216
Financing Avoided Deforestation: Problems and Solutions......Page 217
Implementing Incentives for Avoided Deforestation......Page 223
Summary......Page 229
8. Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 231
International Level......Page 233
National Level......Page 235
Accelerating the Forest Transition......Page 238
A.1 Findings of Studies Assessing How Road Proximity Affects Deforestation......Page 240
A.2 Findings of Studies on How Roads Affect Development......Page 250
A.3 Forest Management and Tenure......Page 256
Appendix B: Data and Methods......Page 260
References......Page 267
Index......Page 297
1 Unreliable Generalizations about Deforestation and Poverty......Page 23
3 This Report’s Recommendations......Page 37
1.1 This Report’s Focus: Tropical Forests and Savanna Woodlands......Page 48
2.1 The Forest Transition......Page 97
4.1 Forest Fragmentation Can Trigger Local Ecological Collapse......Page 134
4.2 Trees and Carbon: Lessons from Biology for Forest Policy......Page 147
6.1 Cameroon: A Nexus of Institutional Reform......Page 188
6.2 Self-assembling Biodiversity Corridors: Reconciling Voluntary Participation Decisions with Landscape-level Goals......Page 206
8.1 This Report’s Recommendations......Page 232
1 Structure of This Report’s Arguments......Page 26
1.1 Forests Vary Greatly in Population Density, 2000......Page 61
1.2 Africa and Latin America Have Higher Degradation on Better Soils, 1990–2000......Page 66
1.8 Imminent Extinction Hotspots......Page 68
1.4 Imminent Extinction Sites Are Concentrated Near Cities......Page 69
2.1 Deforestation in Brazilian Amazônia Is Shaped by Rainfall and Farmgate Prices of Beef, 2001–03......Page 83
2.2 A Stylized Model of How Land Use Changes with Remoteness......Page 92
2.3 As Remoteness Increases, Mosaiclands Are Displaced by Forests, 2000......Page 93
3.1 How Does Increasing Remoteness from Markets Affect Poverty and the Environment?......Page 105
3.3 Forest Cover Increases with Travel Time to Managua......Page 106
3.4 Most Deforestation in Brazilian Amazônia Reflects Large- and Medium-scale Clearing, August 2000 to July 2003......Page 115
3.5 Illiteracy and Forest Cover Have No Clear Link in India......Page 119
4.1 Guatemala Critical Watersheds Have High Poverty Rates......Page 141
5.1 Optimizing the Mix of Agricultural Output and Biodiversity......Page 158
5.2 Indonesians Favor Some Restrictions on Forest Exploitation......Page 162
6.1 Protected Areas Have Grown Rapidly in Tropical and Subtropical Forests......Page 182
6.2 Recent Decades Have Seen Little Change in the Remoteness of New Protected Areas......Page 186
8.1 Some Forested Countries Will See Shrinking Rural Populations......Page 239
1.2 Stylized Forest Types Have Equivalents in Mapped Domains......Page 52
1.3 Domains in Africa’s Tropical Savanna Biomes......Page 53
1.4 Domains in Asia’s Tropical Forest Biomes......Page 54
1.5 Domains in Latin American and Caribbean Tropical Forest Biomes......Page 55
1.6 Domains in Latin American and Caribbean Tropical Savanna Biomes......Page 56
1.7 Hotspots of Tropical Deforestation......Page 64
3.1b Poverty Densities for Brazil......Page 103
3.2 Amazônian Deforestation 2000–03 Showing Rates and Predominant Clearing Size......Page 116
3.3 Amazônian Deforestation Rates and Rural Illiteracy Densities......Page 117
3.4 Poverty, Forests, and Deforestation in Kalimantan......Page 122
3.5 Poverty, Forests, and Deforestation in Sulawesi......Page 123
3.6 Forest Cover, Deforestation, and Poverty in Madagascar......Page 125
4.1 Mortality Risks from Landslides......Page 143
1 Alternative Bundles of Forest Rights......Page 32
1.3 Forest Populations and Areas Vary by Continent, Biome, Domain, and Remoteness, 2000......Page 59
1.4 Estimated Annual Deforestation Is Highest in Latin America and Asia, 1990–97......Page 62
1.5 During the 1990s Savannas and Asian Forests Experienced Considerable Degradation......Page 65
2.1 Land Values in Forested Areas Vary Enormously......Page 77
2.2 Predictions of How Changes in Local Variables Will Affect the Environment and Welfare......Page 81
2.3 Five Trajectories of Forest Cover, Income, and Population......Page 96
4.1 Externalities of Deforestation Vary by Location of Source and Impact......Page 152
6.1 Examples of Forest Ownership and Use Restrictions......Page 176
6.2 Integrated Conservation-Development Project Interventions Have a Mixed Record......Page 184
7.1 Policies to Reward Avoided Deforestation Can Have Synergistic Effects......Page 228
B.1 GLC2000 Land Cover Categories......Page 261