Astronomy: Journey to the Cosmic Frontier

Title
Contents
Part 1 The Journey Begins chapter
	1 Journey’s Start,
		Evening,
		The Moving Sky,
		The Terrestrial Coordinate System,
		The Celestial Sphere,
		Angles,
		The Horizon System,
		Circumpolar Motion,
	2 Patterns in the Sky,
		The Daily Motion of the Sky,
		The Apparent Motion of the Sun,
			The Seasons,
			Time,
		The Phases of the Moon,
		The Motion of the Moon,
		The Motions of the Planets,
	3 Ancient Astronomy,
		Mesopotamian Astronomy,
		Egyptian Astronomy,
		Early Greek Astronomy,
			The Astronomers of Miletus,
			Pythagoras and His Students,
			Eudoxus,
			Aristotle,
		Later Greek Astronomy,
			Aristarchus,
			Eratosthenes,
			Hipparchus,
			Ptolemy,
		Chinese and Mesoamerican Astronomy,
			Chinese Astronomy,
			Mesoamerican Astronomy,
	4 Renaissance Astronomy,
		Astronomy After Ptolemy,
			Islamic Astronomy,
		The Rebirth of Astronomy in Europe,
		Copernicus,
			The Heliocentric Model,
		Tycho Brahe—The Great Observer,
		Kepler and Planetary Orbits,
			Kepler’s First Law,
			Kepler’s Second Law,
			Kepler’s Third Law,
		Galileo and the Telescope,
			The Observations,
			The Dialogue,
	5 Gravity and Motion,
		Force and Motion Before Newton,
			Galileo’s Experiments,
			Descartes and Inertial Motion,
		Planetary Motion Before Newton,
			Kepler’s Explanation,
			Robert Hooke,
		Isaac Newton,
			The Laws of Motion,
			Gravity,
			Newton’s Analysis,
			The Apple and the Moon,
			The Law of Gravitation,
			Elliptical Orbits,
			Force at a Distance,
		Orbtial Energy and Speed,
			Orbital Speed,
			Escape Velocity,
			The Four Kinds of Trajectories,
		Tides,
			Differences in Gravity,
			Solid Earth Tides,
			Ocean Tides,
	6 Light and Telescopes,
		Waves,
		Electromagnetic Waves,
			The Spectrum,
			The Doppler Effect,
			Photons,
		Reflection and Refraction,
			Reflection,
			Refraction,
			Dispersion,
		Optical Telescopes,
			Refractors,
			Reflectors,
			Forming an Image,
			Detectors,
			Notable Optical Telescopes,
		Optical Observatories,
			Modern Observatories,
		Space Observatories,
			Optical Observations,
			Infrared and Ultraviolet Observations,
			X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Observations,
		Radio Telescopes,
			Radio Interferometry,
Part 2 Journey Through the Solar System chapter
	7 Overview of the Solar System,
		Solar System Inventory,
			The Abundance of the Elements,
		Gases,
			Atoms in Motion,
			Density and Pressure,
		Radiation and Matter,
			Blackbody Radiation,
			Thermal Equilibrium,
			Temperatures in the Solar System,
		Nuclear Reactions and Radioactivity,
			Nuclei and Nuclear Particles,
			Nuclear Reactions,
			Radioactivity,
		Internal Heat In Planets,
			Radioactive Heating,
			Accretional Heating,
			Flow of Heat,
		Planetology,
	8 The Earth,
		Rotation and Revolution,
			Aberration,
			The Foucault Pendulum,
			“Centrifugal Force,”
			Coriolis Effect,
		Surface,
			The Age of the Earth and Its Rocks,
			Minerals and Rocks,
			Oceans and Continents,
		Interior,
			Probing the Interior,
			Internal Structure,
			Plate Tectonics,
		Atmosphere,
			Composition,
			Thermal Structure,
			Human Changes,
		Magnetosphere,
			Van Allen Belts,
			Structure of Magnetosphere,
		Evolution of the Earth,
			Development of the Core,
			Oceans,
			Atmosphere,
	9 The Moon,
		Revolution and Rotation,
			The Month,
			Synchronous Rotation,
			The Orbit and Size of the Moon,
			Eclipses,
			Eclipses as Omens,
			Eclipses and Shadows,
			Predicting Eclipses,
		Tides,
			Tides and the Earth’s Rotation,
			Tides and the Moon’s Orbit,
		The Moon’s Surface,
			Observations from the Earth,
			Exploration of the Moon,
			Lunar Craters,
			Volcanic Features,
		Lunar Samples,
			Chemical Composition,
			Ages of Lunar Samples,
			Ages and Cratering,
		The Moon’s Atmosphere,
			Density,
			Gain and Loss of Gases,
		The Moon’s Interior,
			Mass,
			The Density of the Moon,
			Lunar Seismology and Internal Structure,
		The Origin of the Moon,
			Fission, Accretion, Capture,
			The Giant Impact Theory,
	10 Mercury and Venus,
		Mercury,
			Mercury’s Orbit,
			Surface,
			Mercury’s Interior,
		Venus,
			Rotation and Revolution,
			Venus’s Hostile Atmosphere,
			Surface,
			Interior,
			Evolution of Venus,
	11 Mars,
		The Exploration of Mars,
		The Surface of Mars,
			Martian Craters,
			Meteorites from Mars,
			Volcanic Activity,
			Volcanos of the Tharsis Region,
			Other Volcanos,
			Volcanic History,
			Crustal Motion,
			The Martian Channels,
			River Systems,
			Ancient Floods,
		The Polar Regions,
			Seasonal Caps,
			Residual Caps,
			Layered Deposits,
		The Exploration of Mars’s Surface,
			The Viking Landers,
			Pathfinder,
			Spirit and Opportunity,
			Phoenix,
		The Atmosphere of Mars,
			Weather on Mars,
			Atmospheric Dust,
			Clouds,
		The Interior and Evolution of Mars,
			Internal Structure,
			Thermal History,
		Water on Mars,
			Where Is Mars’s Water?,
			Climate History,
		Life on Mars,
			Viking Search for Life,
			Molecular Analysis,
			Biology Experiments,
		The Evolution of the Terrestrial Planets,
	12 Jupiter and Saturn,
		Jupiter and Saturn,
		Basic Properties,
			Diameter, Mass, and Density,
			Visual Appearance,
			Rotation and Winds,
		Atmospheres,
			Chemical Composition,
			Vertical Structure,
			Cloud Features—Jupiter,
			Cloud Features—Saturn,
			Infrared and Radio Appearance,
			Temperature, Depth, and Convection,
			Atmospheric Coloration,
		Interiors,
			Metallic Hydrogen,
			Internal Structure,
			Internal Energy,
		The Internal Energy of Jupiter and Saturn,
			Energy from Gravitational Contraction,
			Saturn’s Internal Energy,
		Magnetospheres,
		Rings,
			Ring Dimensions,
			Structure of Saturn’s Rings,
			Resonances,
			Spokes,
			The Formation and Evolution of Planetary Rings,
	13 The Outer Solar System,
		Discoveries,
			Uranus,
			Neptune,
		Uranus and Neptune,
			Basic Properties,
			Atmospheres,
			Internal Structure,
			Magnetic Fields and Magnetospheres,
			Rings,
		Trans-Neptunian Objects,
			Pluto,
			Other TNOs,
			TNOs and the History of the Solar System,
	14 Satellites,
		Kinds of Satellites,
			Regular Satellites,
			Collision Fragments,
			Captured Asteroids,
			Other Satellites,
		General Properties of Satellites,
			Density and Composition,
			Internal Activity,
		The Satellites of Mars,
		The Galilean Satellites,
			Io,
			Europa,
			Ganymede,
			Callisto,
		The Icy Moons of Saturn,
			Hyperion,
			Rhea and Mimas,
			Dione and Tethys,
			Iapetus,
			Enceladus,
		Titan,
			Origin of Titan’s Atmosphere,
			Atmospheric Structure,
			At the Surface of Titan,
		Satellites of Uranus,
			Oberon, Titania, Umbriel, and Ariel,
			Miranda,
		Satellites of Neptune,
			Triton,
	15 Small Solar System Bodies,
		Meteors,
			The Meteor Phenomenon,
			Sizes of Meteoroids,
			Meteor Showers,
			Micrometeorites,
		Meteorites,
			How Often Do They Fall?,
			Kinds of Meteorites,
			Ages of Meteorites,
			Parent Bodies of Meteorites,
		Asteroids,
			Discovery of Asteroids,
			Orbits of Asteroids,
			Classes of Asteroids,
			Asteroids and Meteorites,
		Comets,
			Anatomy of a Comet,
			Comet Orbits,
			What Happens to Comets?,
		Where Did Comets Form?,
		Collisions with Earth,
			How Often Do Collisions Occur?,
			Record of Impacts,
			Consequences of an Impact,
			Has This Ever Happened?,
Part 3 Journey to the Stars chapter
	16 Basic Properties of Stars,
		Star Names,
		The Distances of Stars,
			Pretelescopic Estimates,
			Later Estimates,
			Parallax,
		The Motions of the Stars,
			Proper Motions,
			The Motion of the Sun,
		The Brightnesses of Stars,
			Stellar Magnitudes,
			Absolute Magnitude,
			Luminosity Functions,
		Stellar Spectra,
			Atoms and Spectral Lines,
			Spectral Classification,
			The Role of Temperature,
			Luminosity Class,
			Chemical Abundances,
			The Doppler Effect and Stellar Spectra,
		H-R Diagrams,
		Stellar Masses,
			Masses of Binary Stars,
			The Range of Stellar Masses,
			The Mass-Luminosity Relation,
	17 The Sun,
		The Internal Structure of the Sun,
		The Sun’s Energy,
			Some Wrong Answers,
			Nuclear Reactions,
			Flow of Energy to the Surface,
		The Outer Layers of the Sun,
			The Photosphere,
			The Chromosphere,
			The Corona,
			The Solar Wind,
		The Sunspot Cycle,
			A Model of the Sunspot Cycle,
		Solar Mysteries,
	18 The Formation of Stars and Planets,
		Some Important Clues,
			Clues from Stars,
			Clues from the Solar System,
		Star Formation,
			Giant Molecular Clouds,
			Cores and Star Formation,
		Protostars,
			The Evolution of a Protostar,
			Rotation and Disks,
		Young Stars,
			H-R Diagrams for Young Stars,
			Winds and Disks,
		Planetary Systems,
			The Solar Nebula,
	19 The Evolution of Stars,
		Why Do Stars Evolve?,
			Energy Generation,
			Opacity,
			Equation of State,
			The Vogt-Russell Theorem,
			Models of Stars,
		Evolutionary Tracks and Star Clusters,
			Changing Appearance in the H-R Diagram,
			H-R Diagrams of Star Clusters,
		Main Sequence Stars,
			The Variety of Main Sequence Stars,
			Main Sequence Lifetime,
			Evolution on the Main Sequence,
		After the Main Sequence,
			Red Giant Stars,
			Core Helium Burning,
			The Asymptotic Giant Branch,
			Very Massive Stars,
			The Formation of Heavy Elements in Stars,
	20 White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes,
		White Dwarf Stars,
			White Dwarfs and Electron Degeneracy,
			Evolution of White Dwarf Stars,
			What Is the Origin of White Dwarf Stars?,
		Neutron Stars,
			Supernovae,
			Gamma Ray Bursts,
			Supernova Remnants,
			Properties of Neutron Stars,
			Pulsars,
		Black Holes,
			Spacetime,
			The Formation of a Black Hole,
			Detecting Black Holes,
	21 Binary Star Systems,
		The Kinds of Binary Stars,
			Detecting Binary Stars,
			Multiple Star Systems,
		The Formation of Binary Systems,
			Wide Binaries,
			Close Binaries,
		Evolution of Close Binaries,
			Evidence for Interaction: The Algol Paradox,
			Equipotentials,
		Binaries with Compact Objects,
			Accretion Disks,
			Binaries with White Dwarfs,
			Binaries with Neutron Stars or Black Holes,
Part 4 Journey to the Cosmic Frontier chapter
	22 The Milky Way,
		Interstellar Matter,
			Interstellar Gas,
			Interstellar Dust,
		The Shape and Size of the Galaxy,
			Star Counting,
			The Modern View of the Galaxy,
		The Rotation of the Milky Way,
			The Orbit of the Sun,
			The Rotation Curve of the Galaxy,
		The Spiral Structure of the Galaxy,
			Observations of Spiral Structure,
			Why Is There Spiral Structure?,
		The Center of the Galaxy,
			Crowded Stars,
		The History of the Galaxy,
			Stellar Populations,
			Galactic Evolution,
	23 Galaxies,
		The Discovery of Galaxies,
			Island Universes,
			Hubble Proves Nebulae Are Galaxies,
		The Kinds of Galaxies,
			Elliptical Galaxies,
			Spiral Galaxies,
			Irregular Galaxies,
			Why Are There Different Kinds of Galaxies?,
			The Rotation of Galaxies,
		The Cosmic Distance Scale,
			Primary Distance Indicators,
			Secondary Distance Indicators,
			Tertiary Distance Indicators,
			Hubble’s Law,
	24 Quasars and Other Active Galaxies,
		Quasars,
			The Meaning of Quasar Redshifts,
			Properties of Quasars,
		The Active Galaxy Zoo,
			Seyfert Galaxies,
			Radio Galaxies,
			Blazars,
			IRAS Galaxies,
		Massive Black Holes and Active Galaxies,
			Massive Black Holes,
			Accretion Disks,
			The Host Galaxy,
		Evolution of Quasars,
			Evidence for Evolution,
			Where Are the Dead Quasars?,
		Quasars as Probes of the Universe,
			Absorption Lines,
			Gravitational Lenses,
	25 Galaxy Clusters and the Structure of the Universe,
		Clusters of Galaxies,
			Classifying Clusters,
			Galaxies in Clusters,
			Other Matter in Clusters,
		Superclusters and Voids,
			The Local Supercluster,
			Other Superclusters,
			Voids,
			Why Are There Voids and Sheets?,
			The Great Attractor,
	26 Cosmology,
		Hubble’s Law Revisited,
			The Expansion Age of the Universe,
		Cosmological Models,
			Curvature of Space,
			Testing Curvature,
			Three-Dimensional Universes,
			Distant Supernovae,
		The Big Bang,
			When Did the Big Bang Occur?,
			What Happened?,
			The Cosmic Microwave Background,
		Inflation,
			Problems with the Standard Big Bang,
			How Inflation Solves the Problems,
			Why Inflation?,
		The Fate of the Universe,
			The Choices,
			Contraction and Beyond,
			Continued Expansion,
			Which Will It Be?,
Part 5 The Journey in Search of Life chapter
	27 Life in the Universe,
		Life,
			What Is Life?,
				Life on Earth,
				Other Possibilities,
		The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth,
		Life Elsewhere in the Solar System,
		Life in Other Planetary Systems,
			Finding Other Planetary Systems,
				Habitable Planets,
				Intelligent Life,
		Interstellar Communication,
			Travel,
				Radio Communication,
Appendixes,
	1 Mathematical and Physical Constants,
	2 Astronomical Constants,
	3 Conversion Factors,
	4 Periodic Table of the Elements,
	5 Orbital Properties of the Planets and Dwarf Planets,
	6 Physical Properties of the Planets and Dwarf Planets,
	7 Properties of the Major Satellites of the Planets and Dwarf Planets,
	8 Orbital Properties of Selected Asteroids,
	9 Orbital Properties of Selected Comets,
	10 Properties of Selected Meteor Showers,
	11 The Constellations,
	12 Stars Nearer Than Four Parsecs,
	13 The Brightest Stars,
	14 Principal Members of the Local Group of Galaxies,
	15 The Brightest Galaxies Beyond the Local Group,
	16 Properties of Selected Clusters of Galaxies,
	17 Logarithmic Graphs,
	18 Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions,
Glossary,
References,
Credits,
Index,