ASTRO3: introductory astronomy

Cover......Page 1
  1-1 Where Is Here......Page 10
  1-2 When Is Now......Page 16
  2-1 The Stars......Page 20
  2-2 The Sky and Its Motions......Page 24
  2-3 The Cycle of the Sun......Page 28
  2-4 Cycles of the Moon......Page 32
  3-1 Astronomy Before Copernicus......Page 44
  3-2 Nicolaus Copernicus......Page 46
  3-3 Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Planetary Motion......Page 52
  3-4 Galileo Galilei......Page 55
  3-5 Isaac Newton, Gravity, and Orbits......Page 60
 Chapter 4: Light and Telescopes......Page 68
  4-1 Radiation: Information from Space......Page 69
  4-2 Telescopes......Page 72
  4-3 Observatories on Earth—Optical and Radio......Page 76
  4-4 Astronomical Instruments and Techniques......Page 80
  4-5 Airborne and Space Observatories......Page 82
 Chapter 5: Sun Light and Sun Atoms......Page 88
  5-1 The Sun: Basic Characteristics......Page 89
  5-2 The Origin of Sunlight......Page 90
  5-3 The Sun’s Surface......Page 92
  5-4 Light, Matter, and Motion......Page 93
  5-5 The Sun’s Atmosphere......Page 98
  5-6 Solar Activity......Page 104
  6-1 A Travel Guide to the Terrestrial Planets......Page 116
  6-2 Earth: The Active Planet......Page 119
  6-3 The Moon......Page 125
  6-4 Mercury......Page 128
  6-5 Venus......Page 130
  6-6 Mars......Page 133
  7-1 A Travel Guide to the Outer Solar System......Page 144
  7-2 Jupiter......Page 146
  7-3 Saturn......Page 152
  7-4 Uranus......Page 157
  7-5 Neptune......Page 159
  7-6 Pluto: Planet No More......Page 161
  8-1 Solar System Overview......Page 168
  8-2 Space Debris: Asteroids, Comets, and Meteorites......Page 170
  8-3 The Origin of the Solar System......Page 176
  8-4 The Story of Planet Building......Page 182
  8-5 Planets Around Other Stars......Page 188
 Chapter 9: The Family of Stars......Page 196
  9-1 Star Distances......Page 197
  9-2 Apparent Brightness, Intrinsic Brightness, and Luminosity......Page 199
  9-3 Star Temperatures......Page 200
  9-4 Star Sizes......Page 204
  9-5 Star Masses—Binary Stars......Page 207
  9-6 Typical Stars......Page 212
  10-1 Stellar Structure......Page 220
  10-2 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun and Stars......Page 225
  10-3 Main-Sequence Stars......Page 229
  10-4 The Birth of Stars......Page 231
 Chapter 11: The Deaths of Stars......Page 246
  11-1 Giant Stars......Page 247
  11-2 Deaths of Low-Mass Stars......Page 250
  11-3 The Evolution of Binary Systems......Page 255
  11-4 The Deaths of Massive Stars......Page 257
  11-5 Neutron Stars......Page 262
  11-6 Black Holes......Page 270
  12-1 Discovery of the Galaxy......Page 280
  12-2 Spiral Arms and Star Formation......Page 289
  12-3 Origin and History of the Galaxy......Page 292
  12-4 The Nucleus of the Galaxy......Page 300
  13-1 The Family of Galaxies......Page 304
  13-2 Measuring the Properties of Galaxies......Page 305
  13-3 The Evolution of Galaxies......Page 313
  13-4 Active Galaxies and Quasars......Page 319
  14-1 Introduction to the Universe......Page 330
  14-2 The Big Bang......Page 333
  14-3 Space and Time, Matter and Energy......Page 340
  14-4 Twenty-First-Century Cosmology......Page 345
 Chapter 15: Life on Other Worlds......Page 356
  15-1 The Nature of Life......Page 357
  15-2 Life in the Universe......Page 359
  15-3 Intelligent Life in the Universe......Page 369
Appendix A: Units and Astronomical Data......Page 376
Appendix B: Observing the Sky......Page 381
Appendix C: Celestial Profiles......Page 384
Index......Page 390
Chapter Review Cards......Page 403
 Chapter 1 Review......Page 405
 Chapter 2 Review......Page 407
 Chapter 3 Review......Page 409
 Chapter 4 Review......Page 411
 Chapter 5 Review......Page 413
 Chapter 6 Review......Page 415
 Chapter 7 Review......Page 417
 Chapter 8 Review......Page 419
 Chapter 9 Review......Page 421
 Chapter 10 Review......Page 423
 Chapter 11 Review......Page 425
 Chapter 12 Review......Page 427
 Chapter 13 Review......Page 429
 Chapter 14 Review......Page 431
 Chapter 15 Review......Page 433
 Math Reference Card......Page 435