Assistive Technology for the Elderly

Assistive Technology for the Elderly
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
1 Access control for Internet of Things—enabled assistive technologies: an architecture, challenges and requirements
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Background
		1.2.1 Assistive technology
		1.2.2 The Internet of Things
			1.2.2.1 The context
			1.2.2.2 A basic Internet of Things architecture
		1.2.3 Towards Internet of Things–enabled assistive technology
		1.2.4 Requirements for Internet of Things–enabled assistive technology
		1.2.5 Example use cases
	1.3 Design of an access control architecture: our approach
		1.3.1 Importance
		1.3.2 State-of-the-art mechanisms
		1.3.3 Proposed access control approach
			1.3.3.1 Preliminaries
			1.3.3.2 Attributes
			1.3.3.3 Infrastructure
			1.3.3.4 System architecture
			1.3.3.5 Summary
		1.3.4 Access right delegation
			1.3.4.1 Delegation architectures
			1.3.4.2 Delegation in Internet of Things–enabled assistive technology
	1.4 Challenges
	1.5 Conclusion
	Glossary
	Acknowledgment
	References
2 An efficient ambient intelligent–assisted people searching for Internet of Things–based health-care system
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Social robots
	2.3 Challenges
	2.4 Ambient intelligence
	2.5 System architecture
	2.6 Ambient intelligent–assisted people searching
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
3 Securing the elderly in cyberspace with fingerprints
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Elderly health-care system
	3.3 Password usage for the elderly: key challenges
	3.4 Fingerprint authentication design
		3.4.1 Fingerprint authentication
		3.4.2 Fingerprint-based wearable and implantable medical device authentication design
			3.4.2.1 Implantable medical device fingerprint authentication design
			3.4.2.2 Artificial pancreas fingerprint authentication design
		3.4.3 Design of a biometric access controller
	3.5 Fingerprint-authentication algorithms
		3.5.1 Triangulation-based feature representation
		3.5.2 Pair-polar coordinate-based feature representation
		3.5.3 Minutia Cylinder-Code–based feature representation
		3.5.4 Comparison of matching performances
	3.6 Discussions
	3.7 Conclusion
	References
4 Wearable solution for robust fall detection
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Hardware development
	4.3 Algorithms for human fall detection
		4.3.1 Accelerometer-based fall detection
			4.3.1.1 Weightlessness
			4.3.1.2 Impact
			4.3.1.3 Motionless
			4.3.1.4 Acceleration comparison (before Weightlessness and during Motionless)
		4.3.2 Fuzzy logic-based fall detection
	4.4 Experiment and verification
		4.4.1 Fall-detection algorithm verification
		4.4.2 E-HealthCM trial deployments
	4.5 Conclusion
	References
5 Heart sound detection, analysis, and assistive technologies for the elderly
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Heart failure in elderly
		5.1.2 Clinical diagnosis
		5.1.3 Physiology of aging
			5.1.3.1 Vascular physiology
			5.1.3.2 Cardiac physiology
			5.1.3.3 Electrophysiology
		5.1.4 Age effects of other organ systems
		5.1.5 Aging and pharmacology
		5.1.6 Goals of care in the elderly
		5.1.7 Specific cardiovascular disease states in the elderly
			5.1.7.1 Valvular heart disease: aortic valve stenosis
			5.1.7.2 Mitral valve disease
		5.1.8 Coronary heart disease
			5.1.8.1 Prevention of coronary heart disease
			5.1.8.2 Hypertension
			5.1.8.3 Dyslipidemia
			5.1.8.4 Symptomatic coronary heart disease syndromes
			5.1.8.5 Stable angina
			5.1.8.6 Antiplatelet therapy
			5.1.8.7 Beta-blockers
			5.1.8.8 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers
			5.1.8.9 Nitrates, calcium-channel blockers, and other antianginal drugs
			5.1.8.10 Unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction
			5.1.8.11 Antiplatelet therapy (oral)
			5.1.8.12 Antiplatelet therapy (intravenous)
			5.1.8.13 Antithrombotic therapy
			5.1.8.14 Early invasive versus conservative management
			5.1.8.15 ST-elevation myocardial infarction fibrinolytic therapy
			5.1.8.16 Percutaneous coronary intervention
			5.1.8.17 Arrhythmias atrial fibrillation
			5.1.8.18 Rate control versus rhythm control
			5.1.8.19 Anticoagulation
		5.1.9 Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death secondary prevention
			5.1.9.1 Primary prevention
			5.1.9.2 Congestive heart failure
			5.1.9.3 Systolic heart failure
			5.1.9.4 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
			5.1.9.5 Angiotensin II receptor blockers
			5.1.9.6 Beta-blockers
			5.1.9.7 Aldosterone antagonists
			5.1.9.8 Vasodilator therapy (nitrates and hydralazine)
			5.1.9.9 Digoxin
			5.1.9.10 Diuretics
			5.1.9.11 Cardiac resynchronization therapy
			5.1.9.12 Heart failure with normal ejection fraction/diastolic heart failure
		5.1.10 Heart sound detection and analysis in elderly patient choosing stethoscope
			5.1.10.1 Ambient noise
			5.1.10.2 Identifying the heart sounds
			5.1.10.3 Murmurs
			5.1.10.4 Aortic stenosis
			5.1.10.5 Aortic regurgitation
			5.1.10.6 Mitral regurgitation
			5.1.10.7 Mitral valve prolapse
			5.1.10.8 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
			5.1.10.9 Myocardial infarction and mitral regurgitation
			5.1.10.10 Pericardial rub
			5.1.10.11 Heart sound analysis
	5.2 Machine learning Apps for heart sound diagnosis
		5.2.1 A user engaged, smart cardiac monitoring; analyze your heart—anywhere, anytime
		5.2.2 Record ECG and heart sound simultaneously
		5.2.3 Results presented within seconds in the Coala App
		5.2.4 Portable AF detector, and it is a complete cloud-based cardiac service
		5.2.5 EKO digital stethoscope
	5.3 Assistive technologies for aging patients in dealing with cardiovascular diseases: medical devices and eHealth solutions
		5.3.1 Automated solar-powered blood pressure monitor
		5.3.2 Operation
	5.4 Portable ventilator
		5.4.1 Operation
	5.5 Portable hemoglobin meter
		5.5.1 Operation
	5.6 The medical data communication system
		5.6.1 Operation
	5.7 Real-time measurement of meteorological events on public health
	5.8 Urine albumin test
		5.8.1 Operation
	5.9 Sputum mobilization device
		5.9.1 Operation
	5.10 Interventional cardiovascular lab
		5.10.1 Operation
	5.11 Mobile ECG with web-based telemedicine
		5.11.1 Operation
	5.12 A multiparameter remote diagnostic kit
		5.12.1 Operation
	5.13 Noninvasive vascular age risk prediction
		5.13.1 Operation
	5.14 Portable anesthesia machine
		5.14.1 Operation
	5.15 Safety choice pill dispenser system—a simple, cost-effective solution to prevent medication mistakes
		5.15.1 Features
		5.15.2 In-home consultation
	5.16 Smart homes for elderly healthcare: prototypes and commercial solutions
	5.17 Smart monitoring systems for elderly and people with disability
	5.18 Vital signs monitoring systems
	5.19 Internet-of-Things and connected homes
	5.20 Conclusion
	References
	Further reading
6 Assistive sensing technology for the elderly health monitoring
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Ambient assistive sensors technology
		6.2.1 Working of different ambient assisted living sensors
			6.2.1.1 Community alarms
			6.2.1.2 Video monitoring
			6.2.1.3 Pressure mat
				6.2.1.3.1 Resistive pressure mat
				6.2.1.3.2 Capacitive pressure mat
			6.2.1.4 Passive infrared motion sensors
			6.2.1.5 Ultrasonic sensor for movement detection
			6.2.1.6 Ultrasonic sensor for object distance measurement
			6.2.1.7 Sound sensors
			6.2.1.8 Ambient humidity measurement
			6.2.1.9 Smoke detector
			6.2.1.10 Accelerometer and gyroscope
	6.3 Wearable sensors to monitor physiological parameters of elderly
		6.3.1 Wearable sensors for physical parameters measurement
			6.3.1.1 Body temperature sensor
			6.3.1.2 PCO2 sensor to monitor the respiratory disease
			6.3.1.3 Pulse oximeter
			6.3.1.4 Hip protectors
			6.3.1.5 Human occupancy detection
		6.3.2 Biochemical parameters and noninvasive sensors
			6.3.2.1 Characteristics of the wearable sensors
		6.3.3 Impedance sensors
		6.3.4 Electrochemical wearable sensors
	6.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
7 Assistive technology for garments: an all seasons’ jacket
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Review of cooling techniques used
	7.3 Implementation of heating/cooling system
	7.4 Working principle of thermoelectric cooler
	7.5 Impact on society
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8 Edge computing for visitor identification using eigenfaces in an assisted living environment
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Related work
		8.2.1 Smart homes for elderly people
		8.2.2 Smart home designs for visitor recognition
	8.3 Methodology
		8.3.1 Open source computer vision
		8.3.2 Open home automation bus and audio-lighting stimuli
		8.3.3 Eigenfaces method for face recognition
		8.3.4 Basic operation of the proposed system
	8.4 Implementation details
		8.4.1 Experimental setup
		8.4.2 Experimental results
	8.5 Conclusion and future work
	References
9 Toward unsupervised multiresident tracking in ambient assisted living: methods and performance metrics
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Challenges and related work
	9.3 Smart home for ambient assisted living
	9.4 Multiresident tracking in smart homes
		9.4.1 Nearest neighbor with sensor graph
		9.4.2 Global nearest neighbor with sensor graph
		9.4.3 Multiresident tracking with sensor vectorization
			9.4.3.1 Sensor vectorization
			9.4.3.2 Linear Gaussian dynamic model
			9.4.3.3 Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density filter
			9.4.3.4 Track maintenance and data association
	9.5 Performance metrics
		9.5.1 Tracking as multiclass classification
		9.5.2 Error in estimated number of active residents
		9.5.3 Multiresident tracking accuracy
	9.6 Experiments and discussion
	9.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
10 Significance of digital microfluidic techniques in biomedical devices for healthcare
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Digital microfluidics techniques
		10.2.1 Fundamentals
		10.2.2 Actuation mechanisms
		10.2.3 Device fabrication and detection
	10.3 Digital microfluidics techniques in biomedical devices for healthcare
		10.3.1 Biomedical synthesis
		10.3.2 Molecular diagnostics
			10.3.2.1 Extraction and purification
			10.3.2.2 Sample collection and introduction
			10.3.2.3 Polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing
		10.3.3 Immunoassay
	10.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
11 Assistive devices for elderly mobility and rehabilitation: review and reflection
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Fall factors and fall-prevention interventions
		11.1.2 Chapter overview and contribution
		11.1.3 Methodology for developing the survey
		11.1.4 Chapter organization
	11.2 Mobility assistive devices
		11.2.1 Canes
			11.2.1.1 Smart canes
		11.2.2 Wheelchairs
			11.2.2.1 Manual wheelchairs
			11.2.2.2 Motorized wheelchairs
		11.2.3 Exoskeletons
		11.2.4 Walkers
			11.2.4.1 Pickup walkers
			11.2.4.2 Rolling walkers
	11.3 Smart walkers
		11.3.1 Fall detection walkers
		11.3.2 Obstacle avoidance walkers
		11.3.3 Walkers with human–machine interaction
		11.3.4 Physical support walkers
		11.3.5 Walkers with sit-to-stand assistance
		11.3.6 Portability in walkers
	11.4 Reflections and conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	Declaration
	Funding
	Authors’ contributions
	References
	Further reading
Index