Assembly Language for x86 Processors

Cover......Page 1
ASCII CONTROL CHARACTERS......Page 2
KEYBOARD SCAN CODES......Page 3
Assembly Language for x86 Processors......Page 4
©......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 26
 1.1 Welcome to Assembly Language......Page 36
  1.1.1 Questions You Might Ask......Page 38
  1.1.3 Section Review......Page 41
 1.2 Virtual Machine Concept......Page 42
 1.3 Data Representation......Page 44
  1.3.1 Binary Integers......Page 45
  1.3.2 Binary Addition......Page 47
  1.3.4 Hexadecimal Integers......Page 48
  1.3.5 Hexadecimal Addition......Page 50
  1.3.6 Signed Binary Integers......Page 51
  1.3.7 Binary Subtraction......Page 53
  1.3.8 Character Storage......Page 54
  1.3.9 Section Review......Page 56
 1.4 Boolean Expressions......Page 57
  1.4.1 Truth Tables for Boolean Functions......Page 59
 1.5 Chapter Summary......Page 61
 1.6 Key Terms......Page 62
  1.7.1 Short Answer......Page 63
  1.7.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 65
2 x86 Processor Architecture......Page 67
  2.1.1 Basic Microcomputer Design......Page 68
  2.1.2 Instruction Execution Cycle......Page 69
  2.1.4 Loading and Executing a Program......Page 71
  2.2.1 Modes of Operation......Page 72
  2.2.2 Basic Execution Environment......Page 73
  2.2.3 x86 Memory Management......Page 76
 2.3 64-Bit x86-64 Processors......Page 77
  2.3.2 Basic 64-Bit Execution Environment......Page 78
  2.4.1 Motherboard......Page 79
  2.4.3 Section Review......Page 81
  2.5.1 Levels of I/O Access......Page 82
  2.5.2 Section Review......Page 84
 2.6 Chapter Summary......Page 85
 2.7 Key Terms......Page 86
 2.8 Review Questions......Page 87
3 Assembly Language Fundamentals......Page 88
  3.1.1 First Assembly Language Program......Page 89
  3.1.2 Integer Literals......Page 90
  3.1.3 Constant Integer Expressions......Page 91
  3.1.5 Character Literals......Page 92
  3.1.8 Identifiers......Page 93
  3.1.9 Directives......Page 94
  3.1.10 Instructions......Page 95
  3.2.1 The AddTwo Program......Page 98
  3.2.2 Running and Debugging the AddTwo Program......Page 100
  3.2.4 Section Review......Page 105
  3.3.2 Listing File......Page 106
  3.3.3 Section Review......Page 108
  3.4.2 Data Definition Statement......Page 109
  3.4.3 Adding a Variable to the AddTwo Program......Page 110
  3.4.4 Defining BYTE and SBYTE Data......Page 111
  3.4.5 Defining WORD and SWORD Data......Page 113
  3.4.7 Defining QWORD Data......Page 114
  3.4.8 Defining Packed BCD (TBYTE) Data......Page 115
  3.4.10 A Program That Adds Variables......Page 116
  3.4.11 Little-Endian Order......Page 117
  3.4.13 Section Review......Page 118
  3.5.1 Equal-Sign Directive......Page 119
  3.5.2 Calculating the Sizes of Arrays and Strings......Page 120
  3.5.3 EQU Directive......Page 121
  3.5.4 TEXTEQU Directive......Page 122
 3.6 64-Bit Programming......Page 123
 3.7 Chapter Summary......Page 125
  3.8.1 Terms......Page 126
  3.9.1 Short Answer......Page 127
  3.9.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 128
 3.10 Programming Exercises......Page 129
4 Data Transfers, Addressing, and Arithmetic......Page 130
  4.1.3 Direct Memory Operands......Page 131
  4.1.4 MOV Instruction......Page 133
  4.1.5 Zero/Sign Extension of Integers......Page 134
  4.1.6 LAHF and SAHF Instructions......Page 136
  4.1.8 Direct-Offset Operands......Page 137
  4.1.9 Example Program (Moves)......Page 138
  4.1.10 Section Review......Page 139
  4.2.2 ADD Instruction......Page 140
  4.2.5 Implementing Arithmetic Expressions......Page 141
  4.2.6 Flags Affected by Addition and Subtraction......Page 142
  4.2.7 Example Program (AddSubTest)......Page 146
  4.3.1 OFFSET Operator......Page 147
  4.3.2 ALIGN Directive......Page 148
  4.3.3 PTR Operator......Page 149
  4.3.4 TYPE Operator......Page 150
  4.3.7 LABEL Directive......Page 151
  4.4.1 Indirect Operands......Page 152
  4.4.2 Arrays......Page 153
  4.4.3 Indexed Operands......Page 154
  4.4.4 Pointers......Page 156
  4.4.5 Section Review......Page 157
  4.5.1 JMP Instruction......Page 158
  4.5.2 LOOP Instruction......Page 159
  4.5.3 Displaying an Array in the Visual Studio Debugger......Page 160
  4.5.4 Summing an Integer Array......Page 161
  4.5.5 Copying a String......Page 162
  4.6.1 MOV Instruction......Page 163
  4.6.3 Addition and Subtraction......Page 165
  4.6.4 Section Review......Page 166
 4.7 Chapter Summary......Page 167
  4.8.2 Instructions, Operators, and Directives......Page 168
  4.9.1 Short Answer......Page 169
  4.9.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 171
 4.10 Programming Exercises......Page 172
5 Procedures......Page 174
  5.1.1 Runtime Stack (32-bit mode)......Page 175
  5.1.2 PUSH and POP Instructions......Page 177
  5.2.1 PROC Directive......Page 180
  5.2.2 CALL and RET Instructions......Page 182
  5.2.3 Nested Procedure Calls......Page 183
  5.2.5 Example: Summing an Integer Array......Page 185
  5.2.6 Saving and Restoring Registers......Page 187
 5.3 Linking to an External Library......Page 188
  5.3.1 Background Information......Page 189
  5.4.1 Motivation for Creating the Library......Page 190
  5.4.2 Overview......Page 192
  5.4.3 Individual Procedure Descriptions......Page 193
  5.4.4 Library Test Programs......Page 205
  5.5.1 The Irvine64 Library......Page 213
  5.5.3 The x64 Calling Convention......Page 214
  5.5.4 Sample Program that Calls a Procedure......Page 215
 5.6 Chapter Summary......Page 217
  5.8.1 Short Answer......Page 218
  5.8.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 221
 5.9 Programming Exercises......Page 222
6 Conditional Processing......Page 224
 6.2 Boolean and Comparison Instructions......Page 225
  6.2.2 AND Instruction......Page 226
  6.2.3 OR Instruction......Page 227
  6.2.4 Bit-Mapped Sets......Page 229
  6.2.5 XOR Instruction......Page 230
  6.2.7 TEST Instruction......Page 231
  6.2.8 CMP Instruction......Page 232
  6.2.9 Setting and Clearing Individual CPU Flags......Page 233
  6.3.1 Conditional Structures......Page 234
  6.3.2 Jcond Instruction......Page 235
  6.3.3 Types of Conditional Jump Instructions......Page 236
  6.3.4 Conditional Jump Applications......Page 239
  6.3.5 Section Review......Page 243
  6.4.2 LOOPNZ and LOOPNE Instructions......Page 244
  6.5.1 Block-Structured IF Statements......Page 245
  6.5.2 Compound Expressions......Page 248
  6.5.3 WHILE Loops......Page 249
  6.5.4 Table-Driven Selection......Page 251
  6.6.1 Validating an Input String......Page 254
  6.6.2 Validating a Signed Integer......Page 255
  6.6.3 Section Review......Page 259
 6.7 Conditional Control Flow Directives......Page 260
  6.7.1 Creating IF Statements......Page 261
  6.7.2 Signed and Unsigned Comparisons......Page 262
  6.7.3 Compound Expressions......Page 263
  6.7.4 Creating Loops with .REPEAT and .WHILE......Page 266
 6.8 Chapter Summary......Page 267
  6.9.1 Terms......Page 268
  6.10.1 Short Answer......Page 269
  6.10.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 271
  6.11.1 Suggestions for Testing Your Code......Page 272
  6.11.2 Exercise Descriptions......Page 273
7 Integer Arithmetic......Page 277
  7.1.1 Logical Shifts and Arithmetic Shifts......Page 278
  7.1.2 SHL Instruction......Page 279
  7.1.3 SHR Instruction......Page 280
  7.1.4 SAL and SAR Instructions......Page 281
  7.1.6 ROR Instruction......Page 282
  7.1.7 RCL and RCR Instructions......Page 283
  7.1.9 SHLD/SHRD Instructions......Page 284
 7.2 Shift and Rotate Applications......Page 286
  7.2.1 Shifting Multiple Doublewords......Page 287
  7.2.2 Binary Multiplication......Page 288
  7.2.4 Extracting File Date Fields......Page 289
  7.3.1 MUL Instruction......Page 290
  7.3.2 IMUL Instruction......Page 292
  7.3.3 Measuring Program Execution Times......Page 295
  7.3.4 DIV Instruction......Page 297
  7.3.5 Signed Integer Division......Page 299
  7.3.6 Implementing Arithmetic Expressions......Page 302
  7.4.1 ADC Instruction......Page 304
  7.4.2 Extended Addition Example......Page 305
  7.4.4 Section Review......Page 307
 7.5 ASCII and Unpacked Decimal Arithmetic......Page 308
  7.5.1 AAA Instruction......Page 309
  7.5.4 AAD Instruction......Page 311
  7.6.1 DAA Instruction......Page 312
 7.7 Chapter Summary......Page 314
  7.8.2 Instructions, Operators, and Directives......Page 315
  7.9.1 Short Answer......Page 316
  7.9.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 317
 7.10 Programming Exercises......Page 319
8 Advanced Procedures......Page 321
  8.2.1 Stack Parameters......Page 322
  8.2.2 Disadvantages of Register Parameters......Page 323
  8.2.3 Accessing Stack Parameters......Page 325
  8.2.4 32-Bit Calling Conventions......Page 328
  8.2.5 Local Variables......Page 330
  8.2.6 Reference Parameters......Page 332
  8.2.8 ENTER and LEAVE Instructions......Page 333
  8.2.9 LOCAL Directive......Page 335
  8.2.10 The Microsoft x64 Calling Convention......Page 336
 8.3 Recursion......Page 337
  8.3.1 Recursively Calculating a Sum......Page 338
  8.3.2 Calculating a Factorial......Page 339
  8.4.1 INVOKE Directive......Page 346
  8.4.2 ADDR Operator......Page 347
  8.4.3 PROC Directive......Page 348
  8.4.4 PROTO Directive......Page 351
  8.4.5 Parameter Classi.cations......Page 354
  8.4.6 Example: Exchanging Two Integers......Page 355
  8.4.7 Debugging Tips......Page 356
  8.4.8 WriteStackFrame Procedure......Page 357
  8.5.1 Hiding and Exporting Procedure Names......Page 358
  8.5.2 Calling External Procedures......Page 359
  8.5.3 Using Variables and Symbols across Module Boundaries......Page 360
  8.5.5 Creating the Modules Using Extern......Page 361
  8.5.6 Creating the Modules Using INVOKE and PROTO......Page 365
  8.6.1 Stack Affected by the USES Operator......Page 368
  8.6.2 Passing 8-Bit and 16-Bit Arguments on the Stack......Page 370
  8.6.3 Passing 64-Bit Arguments......Page 371
  8.6.4 Non-Doubleword Local Variables......Page 372
  8.7.1 Java Virtual Machine......Page 374
  8.7.2 Instruction Set......Page 375
  8.7.3 Java Disassembly Examples......Page 376
  8.7.4 Example: Conditional Branch......Page 379
 8.8 Chapter Summary......Page 381
  8.9.1 Terms......Page 382
  8.10.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 383
 8.11 Programming Exercises......Page 384
 9.1 Introduction......Page 387
 9.2 String Primitive Instructions......Page 388
  9.2.1 MOVSB, MOVSW, and MOVSD......Page 389
  9.2.2 CMPSB, CMPSW, and CMPSD......Page 390
  9.2.5 LODSB, LODSW, and LODSD......Page 391
 9.3 Selected String Procedures......Page 392
  9.3.1 Str_compare Procedure......Page 393
  9.3.3 Str_copy Procedure......Page 394
  9.3.4 Str_trim Procedure......Page 395
  9.3.5 Str_ucase Procedure......Page 398
  9.3.6 String Library Demo Program......Page 399
  9.3.7 String Procedures in the Irvine64 Library......Page 400
  9.4.1 Ordering of Rows and Columns......Page 403
  9.4.2 Base-Index Operands......Page 404
  9.4.3 Base-Index-Displacement Operands......Page 406
  9.4.4 Base-Index Operands in 64-Bit Mode......Page 407
  9.5.1 Bubble Sort......Page 408
  9.5.2 Binary Search......Page 410
 9.6 Java Bytecodes: String Processing (Optional Topic)......Page 417
 9.7 Chapter Summary......Page 418
  9.9.1 Short Answer......Page 419
  9.9.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 420
 9.10 Programming Exercises......Page 421
 10.1 Structures......Page 425
  10.1.1 Defining Structures......Page 426
  10.1.2 Declaring Structure Variables......Page 428
  10.1.3 Referencing Structure Variables......Page 429
  10.1.4 Example: Displaying the System Time......Page 432
  10.1.6 Example: Drunkard\'s Walk......Page 434
  10.1.7 Declaring and Using Unions......Page 438
  10.2.1 Overview......Page 440
  10.2.2 Defining Macros......Page 441
  10.2.3 Invoking Macros......Page 442
  10.2.4 Additional Macro Features......Page 443
  10.2.5 Using the Book\'s Macro Library (32-bit mode only)......Page 447
  10.2.6 Example Program: Wrappers......Page 454
 10.3 Conditional-Assembly Directives......Page 455
  10.3.1 Checking for Missing Arguments......Page 456
  10.3.2 Default Argument Initializers......Page 457
  10.3.4 IF, ELSE, and ENDIF Directives......Page 458
  10.3.5 The IFIDN and IFIDNI Directives......Page 459
  10.3.6 Example: Summing a Matrix Row......Page 460
  10.3.7 Special Operators......Page 463
  10.3.8 Macro Functions......Page 466
  10.4.1 WHILE Directive......Page 468
  10.4.3 FOR Directive......Page 469
  10.4.4 FORC Directive......Page 470
  10.4.5 Example: Linked List......Page 471
  10.4.6 Section Review......Page 472
 10.5 Chapter Summary......Page 473
  10.6.2 Operators and Directives......Page 474
  10.7.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 475
 10.8 Programming Exercises......Page 477
 11.1 Win32 Console Programming......Page 480
  11.1.1 Background Information......Page 481
  11.1.2 Win32 Console Functions......Page 485
  11.1.3 Displaying a Message Box......Page 487
  11.1.4 Console Input......Page 490
  11.1.5 Console Output......Page 496
  11.1.6 Reading and Writing Files......Page 498
  11.1.7 File I/O in the Irvine32 Library......Page 503
  11.1.8 Testing the File I/O Procedures......Page 505
  11.1.9 Console Window Manipulation......Page 508
  11.1.10 Controlling the Cursor......Page 511
  11.1.11 Controlling the Text Color......Page 512
  11.1.12 Time and Date Functions......Page 514
  11.1.13 Using the 64-Bit Windows API......Page 517
  11.2.1 Necessary Structures......Page 519
  11.2.3 The WinMain Procedure......Page 521
  11.2.4 The WinProc Procedure......Page 522
  11.2.6 Program Listing......Page 523
 11.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation......Page 527
  11.3.1 HeapTest Programs......Page 531
 11.4 x86 Memory Management......Page 534
  11.4.1 Linear Addresses......Page 535
  11.4.2 Page Translation......Page 538
 11.5 Chapter Summary......Page 540
  11.7.1 Short Answer......Page 542
  11.7.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 543
 11.8 Programming Exercises......Page 544
 12.1 Floating-Point Binary Representation......Page 546
  12.1.1 IEEE Binary Floating-Point Representation......Page 547
  12.1.4 Creating the IEEE Representation......Page 549
  12.1.5 Converting Decimal Fractions to Binary Reals......Page 551
 12.2 Floating-Point Unit......Page 553
  12.2.1 FPU Register Stack......Page 554
  12.2.2 Rounding......Page 556
  12.2.4 Floating-Point Instruction Set......Page 558
  12.2.5 Arithmetic Instructions......Page 561
  12.2.6 Comparing Floating-Point Values......Page 565
  12.2.7 Reading and Writing Floating-Point Values......Page 568
  12.2.8 Exception Synchronization......Page 569
  12.2.9 Code Examples......Page 570
  12.2.10 Mixed-Mode Arithmetic......Page 572
  12.2.11 Masking and Unmasking Exceptions......Page 573
 12.3 x86 Instruction Encoding......Page 574
  12.3.1 Instruction Format......Page 575
  12.3.3 Move Immediate to Register......Page 576
  12.3.4 Register-Mode Instructions......Page 577
  12.3.5 Processor Operand-Size Pre.x......Page 578
  12.3.6 Memory-Mode Instructions......Page 579
 12.4 Chapter Summary......Page 582
  12.6.1 Short Answer......Page 584
  12.6.2 Algorithm Workbench......Page 585
 12.7 Programming Exercises......Page 586
 13.1 Introduction......Page 590
  13.1.1 General Conventions......Page 591
  13.1.2 .MODEL Directive......Page 592
  13.1.3 Examining Compiler-Generated Code......Page 594
  13.2.1 __asm Directive in Visual C++......Page 599
  13.2.2 File Encryption Example......Page 601
  13.2.3 Section Review......Page 604
  13.3.1 IndexOf Example......Page 605
  13.3.2 Calling C and C++ Functions......Page 609
  13.3.3 Multiplication Table Example......Page 611
  13.3.4 Calling C Library Functions......Page 614
  13.3.5 Directory Listing Program......Page 617
 13.4 Chapter Summary......Page 618
 13.6 Review Questions......Page 619
 13.7 Programming Exercises......Page 620
 14.1 MS-DOS and the IBM-PC......Page 622
  14.1.1 Memory Organization......Page 623
  14.1.2 Redirecting Input-Output......Page 624
  14.1.3 Software Interrupts......Page 625
  14.1.4 INT Instruction......Page 626
  14.1.5 Coding for 16-Bit Programs......Page 627
 14.2 MS-DOS Function Calls (INT 21h)......Page 628
  14.2.1 Selected Output Functions......Page 630
  14.2.2 Hello World Program Example......Page 632
  14.2.3 Selected Input Functions......Page 633
  14.2.4 Date/Time Functions......Page 637
 14.3 Standard MS-DOS File I/O Services......Page 641
  14.3.1 Create or Open File (716Ch)......Page 643
  14.3.3 Move File Pointer (42h)......Page 644
  14.3.5 Selected Library Procedures......Page 645
  14.3.6 Example: Read and Copy a Text File......Page 646
  14.3.7 Reading the MS-DOS Command Tail......Page 648
  14.3.8 Example: Creating a Binary File......Page 651
 14.4 Chapter Summary......Page 654
 14.5 Programming Exercises......Page 656
 15.1 Disk Storage Systems......Page 658
  15.1.1 Tracks, Cylinders, and Sectors......Page 659
  15.1.3 Section Review......Page 661
 15.2 File Systems......Page 662
  15.2.3 FAT32......Page 663
  15.2.5 Primary Disk Areas......Page 664
  15.2.6 Section Review......Page 665
 15.3 Disk Directory......Page 666
  15.3.1 MS-DOS Directory Structure......Page 667
  15.3.2 Long Filenames in MS-Windows......Page 669
  15.3.4 Section Review......Page 671
 15.4 Reading and Writing Disk Sectors......Page 672
  15.4.1 Sector Display Program......Page 673
  15.4.2 Section Review......Page 676
  15.5.1 Get Disk Free Space (7303h)......Page 677
  15.5.4 Set Current Directory (3Bh)......Page 680
  15.5.6 Get and Set File Attributes (7143h)......Page 681
 15.6 Chapter Summary......Page 682
 15.7 Programming Exercises......Page 683
 16.1 Introduction......Page 685
  16.1.1 BIOS Data Area......Page 686
  16.2.1 How the Keyboard Works......Page 687
  16.2.2 INT 16h Functions......Page 688
  16.3.1 Basic Background......Page 692
  16.3.2 Controlling the Color......Page 694
  16.3.3 INT 10h Video Functions......Page 696
  16.3.4 Library Procedure Examples......Page 706
 16.4 Drawing Graphics Using INT 10h......Page 707
  16.4.1 INT 10h Pixel-Related Functions......Page 708
  16.4.2 DrawLine Program......Page 709
  16.4.3 Cartesian Coordinates Program......Page 711
  16.4.4 Converting Cartesian Coordinates to Screen Coordinates......Page 713
  16.5.1 Mode 13h: 320 X 200, 256 Colors......Page 714
  16.5.2 Memory-Mapped Graphics Program......Page 716
  16.5.3 Section Review......Page 718
  16.6.1 Mouse INT 33h Functions......Page 719
  16.6.2 Mouse Tracking Program......Page 724
  16.6.3 Section Review......Page 728
 16.7 Chapter Summary......Page 729
 16.8 Programming Exercises......Page 730
 17.1 Introduction......Page 732
  17.2.1 Simplified Segment Directives......Page 733
  17.2.2 Explicit Segment Definitions......Page 735
  17.2.4 Combining Segments......Page 738
 17.3 Runtime Program Structure......Page 740
  17.3.2 COM Programs......Page 741
  17.3.3 EXE Programs......Page 742
 17.4 Interrupt Handling......Page 744
  17.4.1 Hardware Interrupts......Page 745
  17.4.3 Writing a Custom Interrupt Handler......Page 747
  17.4.5 Application: The No_Reset Program......Page 750
 17.5 Hardware Control Using I/O Ports......Page 754
  17.5.2 PC Sound Program......Page 755
 17.6 Chapter Summary......Page 757
Appendix A: MASM Reference......Page 758
Appendix B: The x86 Instruction Set......Page 780
Appendix C: Answers to Section Review Questions......Page 815
Appendix D: BIOS and MS-DOS Interrupts......Page 835
Appendix E: Answers to Review Questions (Chapters 14–17)......Page 844
 A......Page 854
 C......Page 855
 D......Page 857
 F......Page 858
 G......Page 859
 I......Page 860
 L......Page 862
 M......Page 863
 N......Page 864
 P......Page 865
 R......Page 866
 S......Page 867
 W......Page 869
 Z......Page 870