Asking Questions: Using meaningful structures to imply ignorance

Contents......Page 10
Note on Punctuation......Page 14
1.1 Ignorance of items and ignorance of predicates......Page 16
1.1.1 On the tendency to syntacticize distinctions of use......Page 18
1.1.2 The incompleteness of sentence-types used to ask wh-questions, and the incompleteness of sentence-types used to ask yes-no questions......Page 21
1.2 Open questions, confirmation questions, and the standard of completeness......Page 25
1.3 Grammar and use......Page 28
1.4 Outline of what follows......Page 31
2.1 The use and using of expression-types......Page 33
2.1.1 Common talk of using types and tokens......Page 38
2.1.2 Personal tools: the things that linguists study......Page 41
2.2 How we talk: uttering tokens of types and recognizing types of tokens......Page 44
2.3.1 The performative proposal again......Page 47
2.3.2 Form follows failure......Page 49
2.4 Knowing how to talk to others......Page 51
2.5.1 On the wielding of sentence-types when using them to ask questions......Page 53
2.6 Conclusion......Page 58
3.1.1 Preliminaries......Page 59
3.1.2 On what the questioner presents himself as lacking and as not lacking......Page 61
3.1.3 The rule of choice......Page 62
3.1.4 On the incompleteness of open yes-no questions and the absence of \'the glue\'......Page 63
3.1.5 An alternate account of open yes-no questions......Page 65
3.1.6 Other uses of incomplete sentence-types......Page 67
3.2 Confirming beliefs (the epistemological setting)......Page 68
3.2.1 On the uses of confirmation yes-no questions......Page 70
3.2.2 On when to ask confirmation questions, and how to respond to them......Page 71
3.3.1 Accusation......Page 74
3.3.2 Politeness......Page 75
3.4 Rhetorical open questions and rhetorical confirmation questions......Page 76
3.5.1 Questions asked using negative sentence-types......Page 79
3.5.2 The eliminative tactic......Page 80
3.5.3 Tag questions......Page 83
3.5.4 Confidence and its lack: two examples of wielding tag questions......Page 84
3.6.1 Tag challenges......Page 85
3.6.2 Non-acceptance and disbelief; astonishment and surprise......Page 86
3.7 Kinds of wh-questions......Page 90
3.7.1 Repeat questions......Page 91
3.7.3 Quiz questions......Page 92
3.7.4 Wh-the-hell questions......Page 94
3.8 Closing remarks......Page 95
4.1.1 Individualizing and Totalizing: the different manners of \'each\' and \'every\'......Page 96
4.1.2 \'Each\' and \'every\' contrasted in transparent contexts......Page 100
4.1.3 \'Each\' and \'every\' contrasted in opaque contexts......Page 103
4.2.1 The grammatical number of the restriction......Page 105
4.2.3 Argument and predicate occurrences; covert and absent restrictions......Page 107
4.2.4 The inadequacy of D-linking in distinguishing \'which\' from other wh-expressions......Page 111
4.3.1 Are wh-expressions incomplete, or do they lack something?......Page 115
4.3.2 The incompleteness of indefiniteness......Page 116
4.4.1 The syntax of ‘who’ and ‘what’......Page 120
4.4.2 The weak manner of interpretation of ‘who’ and ‘what’......Page 121
4.5.1 Multiple which-questions......Page 123
4.5.2 Which which-question to ask?......Page 126
4.5.3 Multiple who-questions and multiple what-questions......Page 128
4.6 On the speciation of the questioning speech-acts as reflected in the choice of wh-expressions......Page 129
5.1 Syntactic notation and the representation of phrase-markers......Page 132
5.2 Ordering in syntactic representation......Page 135
5.2.1 ‘Horizontal’ ordering, ‘vertical’ ordering, and the containing node......Page 136
5.2.2 The definitions of containment and dominance......Page 140
5.3 Movement (splitting), and the lack thereof......Page 143
5.3.1 The powers of positions, the powers of expressions, and incompleteness......Page 144
5.4 Ideal representation for variables, quantifiers, and wh-expressions......Page 147
5.4.1 The logical representation of wh-expressions and the overt marking of relative scope......Page 149
5.5 The explanation for restrictions on crossing......Page 150
5.6 Scopal differences and structural differences......Page 153
5.6.1 Dominance and prominence......Page 154
5.7 The indication of saturation......Page 156
5.7.1 The completeness of indirect questions and the absence of inversion......Page 158
5.7.2 The absence of inversion and wh-splitting in confirmation questions......Page 159
5.8 Summary......Page 160
6.1 What the questioner is asking for......Page 162
6.2 Asking for things-in-the-world and asking for bits of language......Page 163
6.3 Asking for properties and asking for predicates; the distinction between Calling questions and Describing questions......Page 166
6.4.1 The distinction between Calling questions and Exemplifying questions......Page 169
6.4.2 Classing questions......Page 172
6.5.1 How ignorant can a questioner be?......Page 173
6.5.2 On the speech-acts that may be performed when asking multiple questions......Page 174
6.5.3 Is there a quartet of multiple questions?......Page 175
6.5.4 Are there mixings of the questioning speech-acts?......Page 177
6.6 Identity questions, manner, and Austin’s quartet......Page 179
6.6.1 Which is which?......Page 181
6.6.2 Who is who?......Page 182
6.7 What is a question?......Page 185
Bibliography......Page 188
J......Page 192
U......Page 193
Y......Page 194