Asian Atmospheric Pollution: Sources, Characteristics and Impacts

Front Cover
Asian Atmospheric Pollution: Sources, Characteristics and Impacts
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
About the editor
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Sources of atmospheric pollution in India
	1. Introduction
	2. Brick kilns
	3. Coal-based thermal power plants
	4. IOC fire of October 29, 2009
	5. Forest fires in the Himalayan region
	6. Air pollution associated with civil aviation
	7. Crop residue burning
	8. Dust as source for air pollution
	9. Diwali festival
	10. Pollution associated with cyclones
	11. COVID-19 and air quality
	12. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Air pollution: Facts, causes, and impacts
	1. Introduction
	2. Sources of air pollution
	3. Impacts of air pollution
		3.1. Impacts on ecosystem
		3.2. Health impacts
	4. Discussion and conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Atmospheric chemistry in Asia: Need of integrated approach
	1. Introduction
	2. Air pollution in Asia
		2.1. South Asia
		2.2. West Asia
		2.3. Central Asia
		2.4. Southeast Asia
		2.5. East Asia
	3. Global issues of atmospheric chemistry
		3.1. Global warming
		3.2. Climate change
		3.3. Extreme events
		3.4. Rising sea level
		3.5. Ozone depletion
		3.6. Ecosystem impacts
		3.7. Urban Heat Island
	4. Atmospheric chemistry issues in Asia
		4.1. Acid deposition
		4.2. Atmospheric dust
		4.3. Biomass burning
		4.4. Reactive nitrogen and changing N-cycle
		4.5. Carbonaceous aerosols
		4.6. Tropospheric ozone
		4.7. Brown cloud and haze
		4.8. Long-range transport/transboundary pollution
		4.9. Waste burning
		4.10. Smog
		4.11. Megacities pollution
		4.12. Hydroxyl radical and atmospheric chemistry
		4.13. Bioaerosols
		4.14. Global dimming and surface cooling
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Atmospheric aerosols from open burning in South and Southeast Asia
	1. Introduction
	2. Open burning: Classes and spatial distribution
	3. Properties of aerosols from open burning
	4. Impacts of aerosols from open burning
	5. Open burning aerosols: Measurements
	6. Challenges and way forward
	References
Chapter 5: Role of meteorology in atmospheric aerosols and air pollution over South Asia
	1. Introduction
	2. Particulate pollution and atmospheric aerosols
	3. PM2.5 and air quality index
	4. Role of meteorology
	5. Seasonal variability of aerosol loading
	6. The intra-seasonal response of aerosol loading to the meteorological variability
		6.1. Heavily polluted days
	7. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 6: Role of carbonaceous aerosols in Asian pollution
	1. Introduction
	2. Carbonaceous aerosol over Asia: An emission perspective
	3. Measurement of carbonaceous aerosol over Asia: Composition and seasonal variability
	4. Carbonaceous aerosols over high-altitude sites in Himalayas and Glaciers
	5. Sources of carbonaceous aerosols
	6. Role of aerosols and mechanism for fog-haze formation
	7. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 7: Atmospheric pollution and solar ultraviolet radiation in Asia
	1. Introduction
	2. Aerosol and UV radiation flux in Asia
	3. Trends in aerosol optical depth and UV flux over Asia
	4. Implications of decreasing UVB trends and vitamin D
	5. Aerosol optical depth, UVB radiation, and vitamin D association in India
	6. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Distribution of reactive trace gases over South Asia: Observations and modeling
	1. Introduction
	2. Methodology
		2.1. Observational techniques
		2.2. Modeling
	3. Distribution of trace gases
	4. Observations of trace gases
		4.1. Variabilities in O3, CO, NOx, and SO2 and associated processes
		4.2. Heterogeneities in the distribution of NMHCs/VOCs
	5. Modeling studies
		5.1. Regional modeling
		5.2. Global modeling
	6. Impact assessment
	7. Future perspectives
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 9: Response of plants to atmospheric air pollution: An Asian perspective
	1. Introduction
	2. Method
	3. The response of trees to air pollution
		3.1. Recommendation and future perspective
	4. The response of crop plants to air pollution
		4.1. Air pollution-induced crop loss
			4.1.1. Recommendation and future perspective
		4.2. Crop plants response to air pollution
			4.2.1. Recommendation and future perspective
	5. Response of lower plants and biodiversity to air pollution
		5.1. Recommendation and future perspective
	6. Emerging pollutants and role of vegetation
		6.1. Response of plants to emerging air pollutants
			6.1.1. Recommendation and future perspective
		6.2. Potential of urban greenery in pollution abatement
			6.2.1. Recommendation and future perspective
		6.3. Biogenic volatile organic compound emission from plants
			6.3.1. Recommendation and future perspective
	7. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 10: Air quality in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries
	1. Introduction
	2. Climatic conditions
		2.1. Saudi Arabia
		2.2. United Arab Emirates
		2.3. Kuwait
		2.4. Qatar
		2.5. Bahrain
		2.6. Oman
	3. Dust storms
		3.1. Dust storms in Gulf Cooperation Council
		3.2. Major dust events over the Gulf Cooperation Council
	4. Effect of dust deposition on Gulf Cooperation Council marine life
		4.1. Phosphate and nitrate
		4.2. Dissolved iron
		4.3. Contribution of dust to long-term Chl-a variability
	5. Major environmental events in Gulf Cooperation Council
		5.1. Burning of Kuwait oil fields (1991)
		5.2. ARAMCO drone attack
	6. Air quality in major Gulf Cooperation Council cities
	7. Aerosol characteristics in Gulf Cooperation Council countries
		7.1. Aerosol size discrimination using single scattering Albedo
		7.2. Aerosol (pollution/mixed, clean) characteristics of using Ångström exponent
	8. Particulate morphology at Gulf Cooperation Council
	9. Improvement of air quality associated with COVID-19 lockdown
	10. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Satellite observations of ammonia over South Asia
	1. Introduction
	2. Satellite monitoring of ammonia
	3. Sources of ammonia
	4. Spatiotemporal variations of ammonia
	5. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 12: Air quality management in India using satellite data
	1. Introduction
	2. Aerosol optical depth as a proxy for air quality
	3. PM2.5 exposure modeling
	4. Health impact assessment in India using satellite-derived ambient PM2.5 exposure
	5. Air quality management
		5.1. Assimilation of satellite data for improved air quality forecast
		5.2. Expansion of ground-based monitoring network within an airshed
		5.3. Tracking background concentration
		5.4. Inspection of open biomass burning
		5.5. Proxy for tracking gaseous pollutant emission
	6. New frontiers of aerosol remote sensing
	7. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 13: Impact of emissions from coal-based thermal power plants on surrounding vegetation and air quality over Bokar ...
	1. Introduction
	2. Details of TPP site and environment
		2.1. BTPS
		2.2. Estimation of PM concentration
		2.3. Foliage sample collection
		2.4. Foliar dust load
		2.5. Estimation of Total chlorophyll content (mgg-1)
		2.6. Estimation of pH of foliage extract
		2.7. Estimation of relative water content (%)
		2.8. Estimation of ascorbic acid (mgg-1)
		2.9. Air pollution tolerance index
		2.10. Statistical analysis
	3. Results and discussion
		3.1. Air quality status near coal-based thermal power plants
		3.2. Seasonal variation in foliar dust load
		3.3. Seasonal variation in essential pigments
		3.4. Air pollution tolerance index (APTI)
		3.5. Regression and principal component analysis (PCA) Biplot analyses of variables
	4. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 14: Ground and satellite measurements of tropospheric nitrogen oxides (NO2) over India
	1. Introduction
	2. NO2 measurement techniques used in India
	3. Satellite measurements
		3.1. Spatial and seasonal trends of NO2 over India
		3.2. Long-term NO2 trends
	4. Ground-based measurements
	5. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on ambient NO2 over India
	6. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 15: Ozone and aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau
	1. Introduction
	2. Surface ozone and aerosols on the Tibetan Plateau
		2.1. Surface ozone over the Tibetan Plateau
			2.1.1. Surface ozone at Waliguan
				2.1.1.1. Chemical ozone budget
				2.1.1.2. Seasonal variations of ozone
				2.1.1.3. Inter-annual ozone trend
			2.1.2. Surface ozone at Nam Co
				2.1.2.1. Seasonal variations of ozone
				2.1.2.2. PAN and ozone
			2.1.3. Surface ozone at Xianggelila
				2.1.3.1. Ozone and CO
		2.2. Black carbon aerosols on the Tibetan Plateau
			2.2.1. Surface BC at Waliguan
			2.2.2. Surface BC at Nam Co
			2.2.3. Surface BC at the southern parts of the Tibetan Plateau
		2.3. Surface ozone and BC simulated by EMAC
			2.3.1. Model description
			2.3.2. Simulation results
	3. Total column ozone low over the Tibetan Plateau
	4. Vertical transport over the Tibetan Plateau
	5. Tropopause aerosol layer over the Tibetan Plateau
	6. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 16: Vertical profiles of trace gases in the troposphere over South Asia
	1. Introduction
	2. Vertical profile measurements of trace gases
		2.1. Measurements of O3 vertical profile
		2.2. Measurements of CO vertical profile
	3. Characteristics of ozone vertical profile
		3.1. Ozone profiles over land
		3.2. Ozone profiles over ocean
	4. Characteristics of CO vertical profile
	5. Impact of long-range transport and biomass burning
	6. Impact of convection
	7. Comparison with model simulations
	8. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 17: Surface ozone in Indian urban region
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Surface ozone pollution in Delhi
	2. Surface ozone over Delhi
		2.1. Annual variation of surface ozone
		2.2. Seasonal variation of surface ozone
	3. Impacts of surface ozone
		3.1. Health impacts of surface ozone
		3.2. Threat to agriculture
	4. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 18: Biomass burning emission and impacts on air pollution in China
	1. Introduction
	2. Biomass burning status in China
	3. Emission characteristic of pollutants gases and aerosols from biomass burning
	4. Emission inventory of biomass burning in China
	5. Impacts of biomass burning on air quality
	6. Impacts of biomass burning on human health
	7. Impacts of biomass burning on climate
	8. Solutions for agricultural straw burning in China
	9. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Tropospheric ozone concentration over Pakistan
	1. Introduction
	2. Tropospheric ozone
		2.1. Sources of surface ozone
			2.1.1. Development projects
			2.1.2. Stratospheric-tropospheric ozone exchange
			2.1.3. Transportation from neighboring areas
			2.1.4. Vehicular movements, wildfires, and power plant emissions
			2.1.5. Meteorological variations
			2.1.6. El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO)
		2.2. Monitoring of tropospheric ozone
			2.2.1. Satellite data
		2.3. Ground-level ozone policy and conventions
	3. Tropospheric ozone in Pakistan
		3.1. El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO)
		3.2. Meteorological parameters and tropospheric ozone
		3.3. Greenhouse gases and tropospheric ozone
	4. Long-term variability of tropospheric ozone
		4.1. Tropospheric ozone during summer 2005-2019
			4.1.1. Highlights
		4.2. Tropospheric ozone during the winter season 2005-2019
			4.2.1. Highlights
		4.3. TO levels over major cities in Pakistan
	5. Conclusion
	References
Chapter 20: Characteristics of atmospheric pollutants over the northeastern region of India
	1. Introduction
	2. Details of prevailing meteorology and data used
	3. Results and discussion
		3.1. Particulate pollutants over Northeast India
			3.1.1. Particulate pollutants in atmospheric column
			3.1.2. Particulate pollutants within the ABL
			3.1.3. Particulate pollutants and climate implications
		3.2. Gaseous pollutants over Northeast India
			3.2.1. Gaseous pollutants in the atmospheric column
			3.2.2. Gaseous pollutants within the boundary layer
			3.2.3. Impact of lightning activity on surface ozone
			3.2.4. Modeling the pollutant load over the NEI
		3.3. Sources of pollutants over Northeast India
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 21: Emission of black carbon and other particulate matter from transportation sector
	1. Introduction
	2. Material and method
		2.1. Experimental sites, topography, and meteorology
		2.2. Instrumentation and data analysis
		2.3. Source of apportionment
	3. Results and discussion
		3.1. Daily and seasonal variation of BC, PM10, and PM2.5
		3.2. Diurnal variability of BC, PM10, and PM2.5
		3.3. Effect of weekends on concentrations of BC, PM10, and PM2.5
		3.4. Correlation between BC, PM10, and PM2.5
		3.5. Role of long-range transport pathway
	4. Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 22: Characteristics and sources of atmospheric particulate matter and health risk in Southwest China
	1. Introduction
	2. Analytical Techniques
		2.1. Physical and chemical analysis
		2.2. Data analysis methods
			2.2.1. Source apportionment
			2.2.2. Human health risk assessment
	3. Case study: Characteristics, sources, and health risk assessment of trace elements in PM10/PM2.5 in a megacity, Southw ...
		3.1. Geologic settings
		3.2. Characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter
			3.2.1. Ambient air quality levels
			3.2.2. Concentrations of trace elements in PM10 and PM2.5
			3.2.3. Morphological characteristics of PM
		3.3. Source apportionment
			3.3.1. Source apportionment by PMF model
		3.4. Human health risk assessment
	4. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 23: Sources of lead (Pb) in atmosphere over Indian cities and health impacts
	1. Introduction
	2. History of Pb poisoning
		2.1. Indian scenario
		2.2. Possible sources of Pb in the Indian atmosphere
		2.3. Permissible limit of Pb in the atmosphere
		2.4. Measurement techniques of atmospheric Pb
		2.5. Atmospheric Lead (Pb) concentrations over Indian cities
	3. Pb isotope as source tracers
	4. Health effects of Pb
	5. Summary
	References
Chapter 24: Sources of poor air quality and long-term variability over Kolkata
	1. Introduction
	2. Study area and the long-term meteorological features
	3. Methodology
		3.1. Collection of PM2.5
		3.2. Chemical analysis of PM2.5
			3.2.1. Water-soluble ionic species
			3.2.2. Carbonaceous components
		3.3. Data source of SO2, NO2, and AQI
		3.4. Monitoring of meteorological parameters
	4. Results and discussion
		4.1. Characteristics of PM2.5
		4.2. A seasonal variations of PM2.5
			4.2.1. Long-term interannual variations of PM2.5
			4.2.2. Chemical characteristics of PM2.5
				Primary inorganic aerosols
				Secondary inorganic aerosol
				Sulfur oxidation ratio
				Carbonaceous aerosols
			4.2.3. Source apportionment of PM2.5
			4.2.4. Long-range transport of aerosols (concentration weighted trajectory-CWT analysis)
		4.3. Characteristics of SO2
			4.3.1. Seasonal variability of SO2
			4.3.2. Interannual variability of SO2
		4.4. Characteristics of NO2
			4.4.1. Seasonal variability of NO2
			4.4.2. Interannual variability of NO2
		4.5. Impact of monsoon on aerosol scavenging
		4.6. The nonattainment of NAAQS by air pollutants over a long-term period
		4.7. The long-term variability of AQI
	5. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 25: Long-range global transport and characterization of dust
	1. Introduction
	2. Evolution of dust, transport, and deposition
	3. Atmospheric dust deposition and biogeochemistry of the ocean
	4. Chemical characterization of atmospheric mineral dust
	5. Isotopic characterization of atmospheric dust
	6. Mineral dust over western India: A case study
	7. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 26: The optical and microwave characteristics of dust storms over the Indo-Gangetic Plains
	1. Introduction
	2. Dust storms over the IGP
	3. Aerosols characteristics of dust storm
		3.1. Ground-based observation
		3.2. Satellite-based observation
	4. Impact of dust particles on surrounding environment
		4.1. Impact on glaciers
		4.2. Impact on atmospheric and meteorological parameters
	5. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 27: Effect of cyclones on atmospheric and meteorological parameters
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Cyclone Hudhud
		1.2. Cyclone Titli
		1.3. Cyclone Fani
		1.4. Cyclone Amphan
	2. Data used
		2.1. Track of cyclones
		2.2. Sea surface temperature anomaly
		2.3. AIRS data
		2.4. AERONET data
		2.5. PM2.5 data
	3. Results and discussion
	4. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index
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