ASHRAE design guide for tall, supertall, and megatall building systems

Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
	Introduction
	General Overview
	Energy Strategies
Chapter 2: Architectural Design
	Real Estate Considerations
	Architectural Considerations
	Structural Coordination
	Structural Rules for Beam Penetrations
	Alternative Ductwork Designs
	Lighting Systems
	Conclusions Concerning Floor-to-Floor Height
	Super Slender Residential Towers
	Mixed-Use/Stacked Towers
Case Study: CTIC Headquarters
Chapter 3: Façade Systems
	Building Orientation
	Façade Systems
	Shading
	Glazing and Façade Analysis
	Infiltration
	Façade Leakage Rates
Chapter 4: Climate Data
	Climate and the Atmosphere
	Extrapolating Ground Data Upwards
	Generating Climate Data at Upper Elevations
	Climate Modeling Using Mesoscale Numerical Techniques
	Climate Analysis Case Study
	Wind Pressure
Case Study: Guangzhou Chow Thai Fook (CTF) Finance Center
Chapter 5: Stack Effect
	Introduction
	Driving Mechanisms for Ventilation and Infiltration
	Climate and the Atmosphere
	Indoor Air Temperature and Pressure
	Internal Air Density
	Wind Pressure
	Mechanical Systems
	Location of Neutral Plane
	Neutral Pressure Level
	Locations of the NPL
	Vertical Shafts
	Thermal Draft Coefficient
	Data Gathering for Stack Pressure Prediction
	Heights of Vertical Compartments
	Airtightness of Exterior Walls and Interior Separations
	Prediction of Stack-Induced Pressure Distribution
	Practical Examples
Chapter 6: Heating and Cooling Loads
	Introduction
	Toward a Net Zero Design
	Discussion
Case Study: International Commerce Center (ICC)
Chapter 7: Indoor Air Quality and Thermal Comfort
	Provide Appropriate Air and Quantities for Each Room or Zone
	Effectively Distribute Ventilation Air to the Breathing Zone
	Effectively Distribute Ventilation Air to Multiple Spaces
	Use Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems Where Appropriate
	Use Demand-Controlled Ventilation Where Appropriate
	Use Natural or Mixed-Mode Ventilation Where Appropriate
	Why Natural Ventilation?
	Ventilation per ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019
	Provide Comfort Conditions that Enhance Occupant Satisfaction
	Adaptive Comfort
Chapter 8: HVAC Systems
	Introduction
	Considerations in System Selection
	All-Air Variable-Air-Volume System
	Low-Temperature-Air VAV Systems
	Underfloor Air Systems
	Air/Water Systems
	Radiant Ceilings
	Passive Beams
	Active Beams
	Variable-Frequency-Drive Fan-Coil Units
	Variable-Refrigerant-Flow (VRF) Fan-Coils with 100% Outdoor Air Ventilation
	Air-Conditioning Supply Systems-Conclusions
Case Study: Jeddah Tower
Chapter 9: Central Mechanical Equipment Room and Floor-by-Floor Fan Rooms
	The Alternative Systems
	Comparison of Alternative Schemes
	Construction Schedule Impact
	Owner Issues
	Equipment Considerations
	Architectural Issues
	Intake and Exhaust Distances
	Intake and Exhaust Fan Pressures
	Acoustics
Chapter 10: Central Heating and Cooling Plants
	Plant Economic Considerations
	Central Plant Locations
	Centralized Services Systems
	Chiller Systems
Case Study: Lotte World Tower
Chapter 11: Water Distribution Systems
	Hydrostatic Considerations
	Chilled-Water Piping Arrangement
	Impact of Refrigeration Machine Location
	Chilled-Water Pressure Reduction
	Piping, Valves, and Fittings
	Piping Design Considerations
	Expansion and Contraction
	The Economics of Temperature Differentials
Chapter 12: Energy Modeling and Authentication
	Tall-Building Energy Consumption
	Existing Building Energy Benchmarking and Transparency Policies
	International Experiences
	General Considerations
	Cooling Plant
	Supply Fan Energy
	Economizer Control
	Supply Air Reset Control
	Need for Accurate Profile
Case Study: Ping An Finance Center
Chapter 13: Vertical Transportation
	The Basis of the System Configuration
	Alternative Elevator Configurations
	Configurations for Supertall and Megatall Buildings
	Sky Lobby Concept
	Double-Deck Elevators
	Service Elevator
	High-Rise Residential Elevators
	HVAC Involvement with Vertical Transportation Systems
	Elevator Machine Room Cooling
	Elevator Hoistway and Machine Room Venting
	Smart Elevators
Chapter 14: Plumbing Systems
	Plumbing Systems
	Gray Water Systems
	Black Water
	Condensate Recovery
	Domestic Water Systems
	Cold-Water Distribution
	Hot-Water Distribution
	Drainage and Venting
Case Study: Shanghai Tower
Chapter 15: Life Safety Systems
	Unique Fire Safety Problems in Tall Buildings
	Codes and Standards
	Components of Fire Management System
	Detection System
	Fire Standpipe and Sprinkler Systems
	Smoke Control Systems
	Smoke Control with Central Air-Conditioning Systems
	Smoke Control with Floor-by-Floor Air-Conditioning Systems
	Smoke Control in Atria
	Stairwell Pressurization
	Elevator Pressurization
	Refuge Floor
	The Emergency/Standby Generator System and the Life Safety System
	Elevator Recall Systems
	Communication Systems
	Central Fire Command
	Fire Safety Response Plan
Chapter 16: High-Rise Residential
	Indoor Design Conditions
	Ventilation
	Cooling and Heating System Alternatives
	Controls
	Ventilation Standards' Code Engineered Path Compliance
	Natural Conditioning Comfort Standards Compliance Analysis
	Applicability
	Definitions of Comfort Temperature Compliance
	Acceptable Thermal Conditions in Occupant-Controlled Naturally Conditioned Spaces
	Compliance Analysis Methodology Engineered System Compliance Path
Case Study: Shanghai World Financial Center
Chapter 17: Electrical System Interfaces
	Service Spaces
	Structural Considerations
	Lighting
	Lighting Protection
	Smart Grid Basics
Chapter 18: Intelligent Building and Controls
	Automated Fault Detection and Diagnostics
	Sensing and Actuating Systems
Case Study: One Vanderbilt
Appendix A: Climatic Calculation Examples for Four Cities
Appendix B: Energy Analysis
Appendix C: HVAC Design Criteria and Systems Descriptionfor a Multiple-Tenant Office Building
References and Bibliography
Index