ASEAN International Law

Contents
Legal Development of the ASEAN Community Building
	1 Overview
	2 Constitutional Measures
		2.1 The ASEAN Declaration
		2.2 The Declaration of ASEAN Concord
		2.3 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia
		2.4 The ASEAN Charter
	3 ASEAN Economic Community
		3.1 The ASEAN Free Trade Area Agreement
		3.2 ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint
		3.3 AEC Framework Agreements
	4 ASEAN Political and Security Community
		4.1 Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone
		4.2 ASEAN Regional Forum
		4.3 The APSC Blueprint
	5 ASEAN Socio-Culture Community
	6 Conclusion
	7 Annex
		7.1 ASEAN Legal Instruments
Who Owns the Preah Vihear Temple? A Cambodian Position
	1 Introduction
	2 The ICJ Judgment
	3 The Current Dispute
	4 The ICJ Had Jurisdiction over the Issue of the Land Boundary
	5 The Judgment Did Determine the Location of the Boundary
	6 Ratio Decidendi and Dispositif of the ICJ Judgment
	7 The Location of the Land Boundary Has Been Determined in International Law
		7.1 Notification of Compliance
	8 Redress for Failure to Comply and State Responsibility
		8.1 The Memorandum of Understanding of 2000 on Demarcation
	9 Conclusion
Who Owns the Preah Vihear Temple? A Thai Position
	1 Introduction
	2 The Decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ): Status and Judicial Consequences
	3 The Unresolved Border Dispute Relating to the Area Surrounding the Temple of Preah Vihear and the Inclusion of the Temple on the UNESCO World Heritage List
		3.1 Thailand’s Anxiousness
	4 Conclusion
Combating Terrorism and the Use of Force Against a State: A Relook at the Contemporary World Order
	1 Introduction
	2 Is a Terrorist Attack an ‘Armed Attack’ Under Article 51 of the Charter?
		2.1 Meaning of ‘Armed Attack’: Nicaragua Still Good Law?
		2.2 The Security Council Resolutions 1268 and 1373
		2.3 Evaluation
	3 Can the Right of Self-defence Be Invoked against Terrorists in a Foreign Country Under International Law?
		3.1 Categories of Terrorist Attack
		3.2 Good Faith Interpretation of Article 51
		3.3 Legal Implications of Recognizing Terrorists as Combatants
		3.4 Evaluation
	4 Question of State Responsibility
		4.1 Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice
		4.2 Different Levels of State Responsibility and the Right to Use Force in Self-defence
	5 Alternatives to Self-Defence
		5.1 Security Council’s Authorization for the Use of Force
		5.2 Resort to Criminal Justice System
		5.3 Coercive Countermeasures
	6 Combating International Terrorism
		6.1 Underlying Causes for Terrorism
		6.2 Is the Use of Military Force Always a Correct Answer?
		6.3 The Need for Strengthening Multilateralism
	7 Conclusion
Application of the Law of Self-determination in a Postcolonial Context: A Guideline
	1 Introduction
	2 Postcolonial Self-determination: Two Approaches
	3 Developing a Guideline for the Application of Postcolonial Self-determination
		3.1 Normative Framework Development
		3.2 Revising Common Article 1, Paragraph 1 of the Covenants
		3.3 Defining the Content and Scope of Self-determination
		3.4 Defining and Demonstrating People’s Concern
	4 Procedural Development
		4.1 Strengthening Institutional Mechanism Development
		4.2 Developing Awareness of the International Community
	5 Conclusion
Scenarios of the China’s ADIZs above the South China Sea
	1 Background
	2 ADIZs Above the South China Sea: Three Scenarios
		2.1 ADIZ Above the Paracel Islands
		2.2 ADIZ Above the Spratly Islands
		2.3 ADIZ Above the Nine-Dash Line
	3 Diplomatic and Legal Reactions Relating to the ADIZs
		3.1 Diplomatic Reactions
		3.2 Legal Reactions
	4 Conclusion
Natural Disaster in Armed Conflict Area: The Implementation of the Doctrine of Responsibility to Protect in the ASEAN
	1 Introduction
	2 Natural Disaster Management in International Law
		2.1 What is Natural Disaster?
		2.2 International Regulation on Disaster Management and Its Development
	3 The Doctrine of Responsibility to Protect and the State Sovereignty in International Law
	4 The Implementation of the R2P Doctrine in Natural Disaster Management of the ASEAN Conflict Areas
		4.1 Overview
		4.2 The ASEAN and the Disasters Management
		4.3 Natural Disaster Management in the Armed Conflict Areas of the ASEAN Countries
	5 Conclusion
Regulating Ballistic Missile Usage for Ensuring Civil Aviation Safety: As a Matter of Urgency
	1 Introduction
	2 Increasing Vulnerability of Civil Aviation
	3 Military Activities Affecting Civil Aviation: Case Studies
	4 Current Measures to Deal with the Missiles Threat against Civil Aviation
	5 Urgency of Ballistic Missile Regulation for Civil Aviation Safety
	6 Conclusion and Recommendations
The Future of Informalism in the Economic Integration of ASEAN
	1 Introduction
	2 Difficulties in ASEAN Economic Integration
		2.1 The ASEAN Way
		2.2 The Relationship-Based Legal System and Problems of Trade Liberalization
		2.3 The AFTA and the EDSM
	3 Practical Considerations of Informal Legal Systems
		3.1 Credibility and Flexibility
		3.2 Network Norms
		3.3 Informal Mechanisms of International Instruments
	4 A New Paradigm of Informalism for ASEAN
	5 Conclusion
Rule of Law as a Framework within the ASEAN Community
	1 Introduction
	2 Conceptions of the “Rule of Law”
	3 Principles of the Rule of Law
	4 Country Evidences
		4.1 Accountability of Government Officials
		4.2 Clear, Stable and Fair Laws with Due Process
		4.3 Fair or Equitable Enactment, Application and Enforcement of the Law
		4.4 Administration by Independent and Competent Judicial Officials
	5 Conclusion
The Harmonization of Competition Laws towards the ASEAN Economic Integration
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Characteristics of the AEC
	3 The Role of the Competition Law in the AEC
	4 Empirical Circumstances and Obstacles for the Implementation of Competition Law
	5 Harmonization of Competition Law in the ASEAN
	6 Shifting from the Consensus Model to the Rules-based Approach
	7 Conclusion
The ASEAN Single Shipping Market: Towards a Regional Cabotage Regime
	1 Introduction
	2 The ASEAN Single Shipping Market
	3 Abolishing Cabotage Restrictions in the ASEAN
	4 Cabotage Regulations in the ASEAN Countries
		4.1 Vessel Registration
		4.2 Vessel Operation License
		4.3 Manning
		4.4 Prohibition of Foreigners from Domestic Shipping
		4.5 Exemptions from Restrictions
		4.6 Geographical Limit of Cabotage
		4.7 Penalties
		4.8 Analysis of the Cabotage Regulations
	5 Towards an ASEAN Cabotage Region: Challenges and Prospects
		5.1 A Flexible and Tailored Approach to Liberalization
		5.2 The ‘Golden Rule’ Model of Liberalization
		5.3 Delineate the Geographical Reach
		5.4 Defining an ASEAN Regional Ship Owner
		5.5 Public Service Contracts and Obligations
		5.6 Safeguard Measures
		5.7 The ASEAN Cabotage Commission
	6 Conclusion
Free Movement of Judgments in Cross-Border Money Laundering Crimes: A Legal Stance Toward the ASEAN Legal Integration
	1 Introduction
	2 Integration of Law in the ASEAN
	3 Difference in Norms of Money Laundering Law in the ASEAN
	4 Free Movement of Judgments; Are There Conceptual Similarities with the ASEAN Single Market?
	5 Can the Free Movement of Judgments Be Implemented in the ASEAN?: Reflecting on Criminal Matters in the EU
	6 Free Movement of Judgments and Implementation of Foreign Decisions in the Civil Case Under the 1958 New York Convention
	7 Conclusion
Vietnam’s Position on the Sovereignty over the Paracels and the Spratlys: Its Maritime Claims
	1 Introduction
	2 Vietnamese Position on the Sovereignty of the Paracels and Spratlys
		2.1 Before the Twentieth Century
		2.2 From the Early Twentieth Century to the End of World War II
		2.3 After World War II
	3 Vietnamese Position on the Maritime Zones around the Islands
		3.1 Vietnamese Position on the Maritime Zones Under the UNCLOS
		3.2 Legal Status of Paracels and Spratlys Islands
	4 Vietnamese Position on the Settlement of Disputes in the South China Sea
	5 Conclusion
The Philippine Claim to Bajo De Masinloc in the Context of the South China Sea Dispute
	1 Introduction
	2 Contest Over Scarborough Shoal: With References to the Dispute in the South China Sea
		2.1 Geographical Setting
		2.2 Strategic Importance and Economic Resource Potential
		2.3 The Philippine and Chinese Claims over the South China Sea
	3 The Philippine Claim
		3.1 Statement of the Philippine Claim
		3.2 An Examination of the Philippine Claim under International Law
		3.3 Implications on Maritime Boundary Delimitation
	4 Recent Developments
		4.1 The 2012 Stand-Off between the Philippines and China
		4.2 Philippine Arbitration against China over the West Philippine Sea
	5 Conclusion
	Annex 1
Maritime Boundary Disputes Between Indonesia and Malaysia in the Area of Ambalat Block: Some Optional Scenarios for Peaceful Settlement
	1 Background
	2 The Basic Position of Indonesia and Malaysia
	3 Some Options for Peaceful Settlement
	4 Conclusion: The Way Forward
The Dispute between Malaysia and Indonesia over the ND6 and ND7 Sea Blocks: A Malaysian Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 Historical Evidence Concerning Claims over Land and Maritime Territories Relating to the Dispute
	3 Maritime Boundaries and the Dispute Between Indonesia and Malaysia
	4 Conclusion
Legal Framework on the Marine Environment Protection of Straits Used for International Navigation: Has It Been Effective in the Straits of Malacca and Singapore?
	1 Introduction
	2 Part XII of the UNCLOS
		2.1 Port State Jurisdiction
		2.2 Coastal State Jurisdiction
		2.3 Flag State Jurisdiction
	3 Legal Effect of Article 233 of the UNCLOS
		3.1 Interpretation of Article 233
		3.2 The Application of Article 233 in State Practices
		3.3 Defining ‘Major Damage’
	4 Conclusion
Competing Interests in the Underwater Cultural Heritage: A Question of Balance
	1 Introduction
	2 Competing Interests in the Discovery and Exploitation of UCH
	3 Reconciling the Prevailing Conflicts
		3.1 Multiple Use Approach
		3.2 The Public Right of Access to UCH for Enjoyment
		3.3 In situ Preservation
		3.4 Prohibition of Commercial Exploitation
		3.5 Application of Salvage Law
	4 Conclusion
Today’s Ambalat: Neglecting the Basepoints of Sipadan and Ligitan Islands for Maintaining the Equidistance Principle in the Disputed Area
	1 Introduction
	2 Discussion
	3 Conclusion
Registration of BBNJ Research Activities: A Move Towards Transparency in Research Governance
	1 Introduction
	2 Compatibility with the UNCLOS and Public Good Nature
		2.1 Compatibility with the UNCLOS
		2.2 Global Public Good
	3 Registration of BBNJ Research Activities: Inspiration from the Registration Regime in Outer Space Law
		3.1 GA Resolution 1721(B) and the Registration Convention of 1975
		3.2 The Salient Provisions of the Registration Convention
		3.3 UNOOSA Statistics on Registration of Space Objects
	4 The Proposal
		4.1 UN Register of BBNJ Research Activities
		4.2 Introductory Concept Note to the UN Register for BBNJ Research Activities
	5 Way Forward: Scope of the Proposed UN Register on BBNJ Research Activities and Implications for Asian States
	6 Conclusion
Contesting Views of the Philippines and China over the Nine-Dash Line in the South China Sea
	1 Introduction
	2 The Philippines’ View Regarding the Nine-Dash Line
	3 China’s View Regarding the Nine-Dash Line before the Permanent Court of Arbitration
	4 Legal Analysis of the Nine-Dash Line
	5 Conclusion
Malaysian Efforts in Combating IUU Fishing: A Legal and Policy Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Principal Factors Contributing to IUU Fishing
	3 Major Impacts of IUU Fishing
	4 IUU Fishing in Malaysia
	5 Combatting IUU Fishing: International and Regional Efforts
	6 Combatting IUU Fishing in Malaysia: Domestic Legal Framework
	7 Conclusion
Singapore and the Universal Periodic Review: An Ongoing Human Rights Assessment
	1 Introduction
	2 Not a “Dark Corner of the World”
	3 Challenges and Constraints
		3.1 Limits on Fundamental Rights and Procedural Fairness
		3.2 Impediments to Access to Justice and Awareness of Human Rights Law
		3.3 Death Penalty for Drug Trafficking
		3.4 No Disability Rights Legislation
	4 Conclusion
The 2014 Enabling Law of the Myanmar National Human Rights Commission: A Critical Assessment Against and the UN Paris Principles
	1 Introduction
	2 Evaluation under the Paris Principles
		2.1 Criterion 1: A Mandate
		2.2 Criterion 2: Adequate Resources to Fulfil Its Mandate
		2.3 Criterion 3: Powers Adequate to Fulfil the Mandate
		2.4 Criterion 4: Autonomy and Independence from Government
		2.5 Criterion 5: A Pluralist Composition
	3 Overall Status under the Paris Principles
	4 Accreditation under the Paris Principles
	5 Conclusion
Modern-Day Slavery at Sea: Human Trafficking in Thai Fishing Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 Fishing Industry and Slavery
		2.1 Why Do We Care?
		2.2 Modus Operandi
	3 Legal and Conceptual Reflection
		3.1 Trafficked or Smuggled?
		3.2 Domestic and Regional Regulations
		3.3 Thailand
		3.4 ASEAN
	4 Conclusion
From Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing to Transnational Organised Crime in Fishery from an Indonesian Perspective
	1 Introduction
	2 From IUU Fishing to Transnational Organised Crime in Fishery under Legal Certainty Principle
		2.1 The Concept of IUU Fishing
		2.2 The Link between IUU Fishing and TOC
		2.3 Analysis of the Concept of Fisheries Crime
		2.4 Understanding Crime in Fishery as Appropriate Legal Terminology
	3 Innovative Legal Framework at the National and International Levels to Address TOC in Fishery Sector: Indonesia’s Experiences
		3.1 The Emergence of Awareness on IUU Fishing and Related Crimes
	4 FV Viking Case
		4.1 Mainstreaming IUUF as TOC to “TOC in Fishery” at International Level: Indonesia’s Experience
		4.2 Legal Framework to Address TOC in the Fishery Sector: Indonesia’s Perspective
	5 Conclusion
Restricting Biofuel Imports in the Name of the Environment: How Does the Application of WTO Rules Affect Developing Countries?
	1 Introduction
	2 Trade in Biofuel and the GATT/WTO System
	3 The Use of Tariffs
		3.1 Tariff Escalation
		3.2 Tariff Peaks
	4 The Use of Non-tariff Measures
		4.1 Technical Barriers to Trade
		4.2 Anti-dumping Policy
		4.3 Anti-subsidy Policies
	5 Framework for Developing Countries
	6 Conclusion
Corporate Accountability in Southeast Asia: National Action Plans for Responsible Business Conduct under International Law
	1 Introduction
	2 UN Framework and Guiding Principles for “Protect, Respect and Remedy”—Towards Multilateralism
	3 Key Developments and Perspectives in Southeast Asia
		3.1 Towards a Borderless Economic Community
		3.2 A Regional Plan—the ASEAN Inter-Governmental Commission on Human Rights Baseline Study
		3.3 Stock Exchange Regulators and Non-Financial Reporting
		3.4 Environmental and Social Governance
	4 Development of NAPs in Southeast Asian States
	5 Conclusion
International Agreement or Private Agreement? Uplift Policy in Oil and Gas Taxation in Production Sharing Contracts between Foreign Contractors and the Indonesian Government
	1 Introduction
	2 Position of Oil and Gas Production Sharing Contract in Indonesia
		2.1 The Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia of 1945
		2.2 Law No. 22 of 2001
		2.3 PSC
		2.4 International Contract
	3 Uplift as a New Instrument Imposed on Taxable Income in Oil and Gas Sector
	4 Conclusion
The Investment Protection Chapter of the EU-Singapore Free Trade Agreement: A Model for the Post-Brexit UK IIAs
	1 Introduction
	2 Uncertainty over the Implementation of the EUSFTA
		2.1 Pending CJEU Decision
		2.2 Impact of Brexit on the EUSFTA
	3 EUSFTA as a Model for the Post-Brexit UK IIAs
		3.1 Express Affirmation of the Right to Regulate
		3.2 Extensive Use of Interpretative Footnotes and Language
		3.3 Joint Committee on Interpretation
		3.4 Filtering Unmeritorious Claims
		3.5 Regulating Arbitrators
		3.6 Appeal Mechanism
	4 Conclusion
Does Thailand Fulfill the ASEAN Requirements for Foreign Direct Investment under Partial Liberalization in Electricity Industry?
	1 Introduction
	2 Defining ‘Electricity’ in the Context of the ASEAN Agreements
	3 Thailand’s Commitments on FDI in the Electricity Sector under the ACIA and the AFAS
	4 Thailand’s Partial Liberalization in Electricity Industry
		4.1 Structural Reform
		4.2 Thai Laws on Electricity Industry Operations
	5 Thailand’s Partial Liberalization in Electricity Industry and the Obligations to FDI under the ACIA and the AFAS: Its Coherence
	6 Conclusion
Transboundary Haze Pollution in Southeast Asia: The Effectiveness of Three Forms of International Legal Solutions
	1 Introduction
	2 The Sources of International Law against the Haze of Indonesia
		2.1 Customary International Law
		2.2 Multilateral Instruments
		2.3 Singapore’s Extraterritorial Legislation
	3 What Has Been Done by Indonesia?
	4 Measuring Effectiveness of the ASEAN Agreement and the Singapore Act
		4.1 Measuring Effectiveness of International Environmental Agreements
		4.2 Measuring Effectiveness of the ASEAN Agreement
		4.3 Measuring Effectiveness of the Singapore Act
		4.4 Analysing the Role of Third Parties
	5 Conclusion
Transboundary Haze Pollution: Balancing the ASEAN Way and the Malaysian Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Haze: From Indonesia to Southeast Asia
	3 “Prosper Thy Neighbour”: Jurisprudence of Three Cases
	4 Overcoming the Haze Problem
	5 The ASEAN Way
	6 Conclusion
Sea-Level Rise and the Law of the Sea in the Western Pacific Region
	1 Introduction
	2 Sea-Level Rise and Actions of the Western Pacific States
	3 Legal Base for Maintaining Maritime Baselines and Boundaries in the Face of SLR
		3.1 Interpretation of the UNCLOS
		3.2 Fundamental Change of Circumstances
		3.3 The Land Dominates the Sea Principle
		3.4 Regular Review
	4 Conclusion
Sinking or not? An Indonesian Approach to Prevent the Rise of Sea Levels Due to Global Warming
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Warming and the Outermost Indonesian Islands Sinking
	3 Measures for Mitigating the Impact of Global Warming or Climate Change
		3.1 Paris Climate Agreement
		3.2 United States
	4 Indonesia
	5 Conclusion
	Annex 1: Peta NKRI is Familiar with Kuda Lumping Horse
	Annex 2: Peta Pulau Nipa
	Annex 3 Sentut Island in Natuna Archipelago (Peta Pulau Sentut di Kepulauan Natuna)
	Annex 4: Betet Island and Gundul Island Which Sank (Peta Pulau Betet Dan Pulau Gundul Yang Sudah Tenggelam)