Artificial Intelligence for Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Approaches, Methodologies, and Technologies

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Content
Preface
About the Book
Editors
Contributors
1. History and Application of Solar PV System
	1.1 Introduction: Solar PV System
	1.2 Historical Background of Solar Cell
		1.2.1 Historical Development of Solar PV System in India
	1.3 Application of Solar Energy
		1.3.1 Residential Application
		1.3.2 Industrial Application
		1.3.3 Transportation
		1.3.4 Solar Water Heating
		1.3.5 Solar Desalination
		1.3.6 Solar Cooking
		1.3.7 Solar Energy of Industry Process/Heating
		1.3.8 Solar Pumps for Agriculture
		1.3.9 Some Recent Advance Application
			1.3.9.1 Solar Energy in Electric Vehicle
			1.3.9.2 Solar-Powered Airplanes and Railways
			1.3.9.3 Solar Energy used in Space Applications
	1.4 Basic Components of Solar PV System
		1.4.1 Solar Panels
		1.4.2 Controller
		1.4.3 Solar Performance Monitoring Equipment
		1.4.4 Solar Storage
		1.4.5 Solar Inverter
		1.4.6 AC and DC Distribution
		1.4.7 Mounting Support
	References
2. Solar Power Forecasting
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Tools and Techniques for Solar Forecasting
		2.2.1 Tools
		2.2.2 Techniques for Solar Forecasting
	2.3 Solar Spectrum
	2.4 Solar Radiation Geometry
	2.5 Solar Power Prediction Techniques
		2.5.1 Support Vector Regression (SVR)
		2.5.2 XG BOOST
		2.5.3 Random Forest
		2.5.4 Artificial Neural Network
		2.5.5 Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) Model
	2.6 Results and Discussion
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
3. Comprehensive Technique for Modeling of PV Module
	Nomenclature
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Mathematical Modeling of Two-Diode Model of PV Module
	3.3 Fundamental Calculation of the Parameters
		3.3.1 Calculation of Photovoltaic Current
		3.3.2 Calculation of Diode Ideality Constants
		3.3.3 Calculation of Diode Reverse Saturation Currents
		3.3.4 Calculation of Series and Parallel Resistances
			3.3.4.1 Fitness Function
			3.3.4.2 Initialization of Population
			3.3.4.3 Constraints on Series and Parallel Resistances
			3.3.4.4 Selection
			3.3.4.5 Crossover
			3.3.4.6 Mutation
	3.4 Upgrading the Model
		3.4.1 First Degree of Upgradation
			3.4.1.1 Calculation of Upgraded Photovoltaic Current
			3.4.1.2 Calculation of Upgraded Diode Ideality Constants
			3.4.1.3 Calculation of Upgraded Diode Reverse Saturation Currents
			3.4.1.4 Calculation of Upgraded Series and Parallel Resistances
		3.4.2 Second Degree of Upgradation
	3.5 Dependence of Parameters of the Characteristic Equation of PV Module on Irradiance and Temperature
	3.6 Calculation of Parameters of the Characteristic Equation of PV Module at STC
	3.7 Calculation of Parameters of the Characteristic Equation of PV Module at NOCTC
	3.8 Validation of the Proposed Model
	3.9 Conclusion
	References
4. Conventional Techniques for Maximum Power Point Tracking
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Need for Solar Energy
	4.2 Solar Energy
	4.3 Need of MPPT
	4.4 MPPT
		4.4.1 MPPT Solar Charge Controller
	4.5 Conventional MPPT Techniques
		4.5.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O) MPPT Technique
		4.5.2 Variable Step Size (VSS) P&O MPPT Method
		4.5.3 Modified P&O
		4.5.4 Simulation Results of P&O MPPT Technique
		4.5.5 Incremental Conductance (I&C) MPPT Technique
	4.6 Conclusion
	References
5. Intelligent Techniques for Maximum Power Point Tracking
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Different MPPT Techniques Used in PV System
	5.3 Intelligent MPPT Techniques and Algorithms
		5.3.1 Artificial Intelligence–Based MPPT
		5.2.2 Bioinspired/Nature-Inspired Algorithm (Optimization)
		5.2.3 Hybrid-Based MPPT
	5.4 Conclusion
	References
6. Analysis of Multijunction Solar Cell-Based PV System with MPPT Schemes
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Literature Review
	6.3 Modeling of MJSC-Based PV System
		6.3.1 System Description
		6.3.2 Mathematical Modeling of MJSC
			6.3.2.1 Photocurrent Density (J[sub(phi)])
			6.3.2.2 Diode Current Density (J[sub(d)])
			6.3.2.3 Shunt Current Density (J[sub(pr)])
			6.3.2.4 Voltage (V)
		6.3.3 DC–DC Converter
			6.3.3.1 Generic Boost Converter Arrangement
			6.3.3.2 Modeling of Boost Converter
	6.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques
		6.4.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O) Technique
			6.4.1.1 Paces of P&O Technique
		6.4.2 Incremental Conductance (INC) Technique
		6.4.3 Teaching Learning-Based Optimization Technique (TLBO)
	6.5 Enactment Procedure
		6.5.1 Simulation of MJSC
			6.5.1.1 Reverse Saturation Current Density of Diode (J[sub(oi)]) Evaluation
			6.5.1.2 Open-Circuit Voltage (V[sub(oci)]) Evaluation
			6.5.1.3 Photo Current Density (J[sub(phi)]) Evaluation
			6.5.1.4 Current Density of Cell (J[sub(i)]) Evaluation
		6.5.2 MJSC Implementation
		6.5.3 Execution of MPPT Techniques with MJSC
			6.5.3.1 Simulation Model Using P&O Technique
			6.5.3.2 Simulation Model Using INC Technique
			6.5.3.3 Simulation Model Using TLBO Technique
	6.6 Results and Analysis
		6.6.1 Results of MJSC
		6.6.2 Results Analysis
	6.7 Conclusion
	Appendix: Specifications for MJSC
	References
7. Emerging Techniques of Shade Dispersion
	Nomenclature
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Recent Developments
	7.3 Methodology
		7.3.1 Modeling and Mathematical Description of PV System
			7.3.1.1 PV Array and Partial Shading Condition (PSC)
		7.3.2 Simulink Model of Pre-defined PV array Interconnection
			7.3.2.1 Electrical Interconnection of TCT
			7.3.2.2 Electrical Interconnection of SP-T
			7.3.2.3 Electrical Interconnection of BL-T
		7.3.3 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Implementation
			7.3.3.1 PSO Code for Rearranging Shade Pattern
		7.3.4 Genetic Algorithm (GA) Implementation
			7.3.4.1 GA Code for Rearranging Shade Pattern
	7.4 Results and Discussion
		7.4.1 Series Parallel Total Cross Tied (SP-T)
		7.4.2 Total Cross Tied (TCT)
		7.4.3 Bridge Link Total Cross Tied (BL-T)
	References
8. Solar Tracking Technology to Harness the Green Energy
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Electrical Energy from Solar Cell
		8.2.1 Mathematical Conceptualization of PV Panel
		8.2.2 Modeling of Ideal Photovoltaic Cell
		8.2.3 Modeling of Practical/Real-Time Photovoltaic Cell
		8.2.4 Modeling of a Typical Sun Tracking System
		8.2.5 TLB Optimization-Based-Tuning of PID Controller
	8.3 Solar Tracker System
		8.3.1 Components of a Solar Tracker System
	8.4 Classification of Mechanical Tracking Systems
		8.4.1 Based on Driving Systems Employed
			8.4.1.1 Passive Solar Tracking (PST) System
			8.4.1.2 Active Solar Tracking (AST) System
		8.4.2 Based on the Degree of Freedom
			8.4.2.1 Single-Axis Solar Tracking System
			8.4.2.2 Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System
		8.4.3 Based on Control Technique
			8.4.3.1 Open-Loop Solar Tracking (OLST) Systems
			8.4.3.2 Closed-Loop Solar Tracking (CLST) Systems
		8.4.4 Based on Tracking Approaches
			8.4.4.1 Using Date and Time
			8.4.4.2 Employing Sensors, Date, and Time
			8.4.4.3 Employing Various Microprocessors and Electro-Optical Sensors
			8.4.4.4 AI-Based Solar Tracking Systems
		8.4.5 Comparison of Solar Tracker Systems
		8.4.6 Limitations of Solar Tracking Systems
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
9. Development of Solar Panel Models in Different Countries/Regions
	9.1 Introduction: Background
	9.2 Literature Review
	9.3 Proposed Developed Model and Methodology
	9.4 Results and Discussion
	9.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
10. Performance Degradation in Solar Modules
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Causes and Rate of Degradation of Solar Panel
	10.3 Degradation Types of Photovoltaic Modules
		10.3.1 Corrosion of PV Module
		10.3.2 Delamination of PV Module
		10.3.3 Discoloration of PV Module
		10.3.4 Breakage and Cracks in PV Modules
		10.3.5 Potential-Induced Degradation (PID)
		10.3.6 Hot Spots
		10.3.7 Bubbles
	10.4 PV Module Degradation Models
		10.4.1 Pan Model
		10.4.2 Exponential Model
		10.4.3 Model of Degradation by UV Stress
		10.4.4 Model of Degradation by Temperature Stress
		10.4.5 Model of Temperature and Humidity Stress Degradation
	10.5 Performance Assessment Techniques
		10.5.1 Final Yield
		10.5.2 Reference Yield
		10.5.3 Performance Ratio
		10.5.4 PVUSA Rating
		10.5.5 Capacity Factor
		10.5.6 System Efficiency
	10.6 Degradation Rates of Various Cell Technologies
	10.7 Conclusions
	References
11. Performance and Reliability Investigation of Practical Microgrid with Photovoltaic Units
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Technological Development
	11.3 PV Design
		11.3.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking
		11.3.2 Boost Converter
	11.4 PV Unit
		11.4.1 Grid-Connected PV Unit
			11.4.1.1 Components
		11.4.2 Stand-Alone PV Unit
		11.4.3 Advantages of a Grid-Connected Unit
		11.4.4 Disadvantages of a Grid-Connected PV Unit
	11.5 Simulated PV Unit with Grid Connection
	11.6 Simulation Results and Discussion
		11.6.1 Input to PV Unit
		11.6.2 Effect on PV Parameters by Varying Irradiation and Temperature
		11.6.3 Dynamic Performance of Simulated PV Unit During Variation of the Solar Irradiance When Connected to the Grid
	11.7 Improvements in the PV Unit Connected to Grid
		11.7.1 Economic Aspect of Grid-Connected PV Unit
		11.7.2 Reliability Associated with Grid-Connected PV Unit
	11.8 Case Study
		11.8.1 Reliability Data
		11.8.2 Sensitivity Analysis
	11.9 Conclusion
	References
Index