Art and Political Expression in Early China

Contents
Figures
	Map 1 : Registered Population of Han China (A.D. 2)
	Map 2: Major Sites of the Classical and Descriptive Traditions
	Pl. 1. Confucius meeting Lao zi and the boy Xiang Tuo
	Pl. 2. An immortal spirit climbing a cloud
	Pl. 3. Immortal deer nibbling the mushroom of immortality
	Pl. 4. Two naked dancers and a cockfight
	1. Fish with inscription
	2. Marine deity in a fish carriage
	3. Illustration for the story of Duke Ling and Zhao Dun
	4. Duke Ling. Detail of fig. 3
	5. Portrait of an official
	6. Detail of a horse's head
	7. Horsemen
	8. The kaiming beast and immortals riding carriages and deer
	9. Party scene
	10. Party scene with sleeve dancers and acrobats
	11. Above: the Queen of Immortals in her court; below: illustrations to stories of virtuous women and men
	12. Kitchen scene
	13. Pavilion scene
	14. Immortal tending a Chinese phoenix on the roof of a manor
	15. Bronze dou vessel
	16. Drawing of the engraving on the dou vessel in fig. 15
	17. Bronze hu ceremonial vessel
	18. Images of an immortal spirit, dragons, tigers, and other animals and spirits on the back of a bronze mirror
	19. Drawing of a wooden vault of the kind commonly found in pit-style tombs throughout the Warring States and Former Han periods
	20. Above: longitudinal section of the decorated tomb at Yi'nan,Shandong; below: perspective view
	21. King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou
	22. Confucius meeting Lao zi and the boy Xiang Tuo
	23. Above: Confucius playing the chimes; below: Liu Hui saving a freezing woman (right); the baby Zhao Wu, his mother, and his rescuer, Cheng Ying (left)
	24. An assassin mistakenly stabs a virtuous woman who placed herself in her husband's bed
	25. The Green Dragon who guards the East and the White Tiger who guards the West
	26. Immortal attending a unicorn beside intertwining trees
	27. An immortal spirit climbing a cloud
	28. The Queen of Immortals in her court with the nine-tailed fox, the sun crow, the moon rabbits, a hybrid beast, immortals, and attending officials
	29. The hybrid beast and various winged creatures
	30. The sages Fu Xi and Nü Wa
	31. Entertainment scene with pavilion
	32. Hybrid birds on the roof of a pavilion
	33. Immortal deer nibbling the mushroom of immortality
	34. Deity on a cloud carriage pulled by deer
	3 5. The court of the Queen of Immortals, with the nine-tailed fox, the sun crow, musicians, dancers, officials, and supplicants
	36. Guardian deity
	37. Guardian deity
	38. Drawing of an inlaid bronze chariot ornament
	39. Rent collection and granary scene
	40. Bronze boshan incense burner with gold inlay
	41. Drawing of the design of an inlaid carriage ornament
	42. Human-headed tiger amid clouds and the mushroom of immortality
	43. Human-headed tiger and one-horned beast
	44. The lid of a lacquer painted box
	45. Fox and lagomorph amid cloud patterns
	46. Bronze gui ceremonial vessel
	47. Bronze bianhu ceremonial vessel
	48. A set of ceremonial bells on a restored bell rack
	49. Detail of a scene showing the officer of the bureau of merit and other officials engaged in fighting bandits
	50. The red-ground lacquer painted casket
	51. Detail of a lacquer tray
	52. Elevations and plan of a decorated Han tomb
	53. The sages Fu Xi and Nu Wa
	54. The sages Fu Xi and Nu Wa
	55. Immortal spirit
	56. Immortal spirit tending a unicorn
	57. Dancing immortal
	58. Immortal spirit
	59. Winged tiger
	60. Winged tiger
	61. Winged elephant
	62. The nine-headed beast who guards the entrance to paradise
	63. Horse and rider
	64. Detail of a stone engraving
	65. The filial son Xing Qu feeding his parents with chopsticks
	66. Elevations and plan of a decorated tomb
	67. View of the east wall of the middle chamber of the tomb
	68. Two scholars sharing wine in a building, above which a multitude of beasts congregate
	69. View of the west wall of the middle chamber of the tomb
	70. Scattered post and wail stones in storage
	71. From top to bottom: wind god blowing at two figures; a wheelwright at work; King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou; two horses tied to a tree
	72. The countess of Dai with attendants
	73. Horse and carriage
	74. The Xiaotangshan shrine
	75. Detail of a pavilion scene
	76. Detail of the main personage in fig. 75
	77. The wind god blowing the roof off of a scholar's house
	78. Detail of the scholar in fig. 77
	79. Detail of the main personage in fig. 13
	80. Confucius meeting Lao zi
	81. Detail of a horse and carriage from the battle scene
	82. Drawing showing the major curves of the personage in fig. 79
	83. Detail of Confucius's carriage in the Confucius meeting Lao zi scene
	84. Social gathering inside a building, above which phoenixes gather and display
	85. Detail of a scholar in fig. 84
	86. Sporting acrobats or immortals
	87. Above: deer and other animals amid cloud designs; below: a tiger-like beast stalks a running man with a hatchet
	88. Pavilion scene with an inscription that reads, "The former governor"
	89. Top to bottom: the wind god blowing a scholar's roof off; battle with bandits; bandits receiving justice; the governor and his military staff
	90. Top to bottom: wind god blowing a scholar's roof off; carriage scene; battle with bandits; bandits brought to justice
	91. Top to bottom: the first emperor raising the tripods of Zhou; Confucius and his disciples meeting Lao zi and the boy Xiang Tuo; King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou; Confucius meeting Lao zi
	92. Top to bottom: King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou; carriage procession; the first emperor raising the tripods of Zhou
	93. Detail of fig. 23. Liu Hui saving a freezing woman (right); the baby Zhao Wu, his mother, and his rescuer, Cheng Ying (left)
	94. Immortal spirits tending unicorns
	95. The Queen of Immortals and her court
	96. Above: the Queen of Immortals and her court; below: King Cheng and the Duke of Zhou
	97. A complex of buildings with macaques, phoenixes, and other auspicious animals on the roofs
	98. Corvine-like birds pecking the ground
	99. The omen of the intertwining trees
	100. The omen of the hybrid fish
	101. The omen of the hybrid beast
	102. The omen of the hybrid bird
	103. The omen of the unicorn
	104. The omen of the silver amphora
	105. The omen of the crimson bear
	106. Hybrid beasts in the court of the Queen of Immortals
	107. Hybrid bird
	108. A cluster of omens, including the white elephant, the nine-headed beast who guards the entrance to paradise, a pair of phoenixes, mtertwining trees, and a unicorn
	109. A cluster of omens, including the hybrid bird, the nine-headed beast, the hybrid beast, and intertwining trees
	110. Lions tended by an immortal
	111. Top to bottom: the Queen of Immortals in her court; cavorting phoenixes; the nine-headed beast along with other cavorting beasts; large building complex with macaques and auspicious birds on the roof; carriage procession
	112. Above: the Queen of Immortals with attending officials; middle register: a pair of phoenixes with cavorting beasts; below: iron production
	113. Celebration scene within a building upon which a pair of phoenixes and other cavorting birds gather
	114. Immortal spirit with cavorting beasts
	115. Elevation and plan of Dahuting tomb
	116. Interior view of the vaulted chamber
	117. House staff sweeping and performing other duties
	118. Tomb guardians
	119. Interior view of the central hall
	120. Servants
	121. The host, or tomb occupant, and his wife, accompanied by servants and pets
	122. Elegantly attired ladies chatting
	123. Kitchen scene with great boiling cauldrons (center), steamers (upper right), heavily laden meat racks (upper left), a well (lower right), and numerous cooks
	124. The tomb occupant's wife and other consorts in the ladies' chambers
	125. Rent collection scene
	126. Elegantly attired women
	127. Kitchen scene
	128. Above: ladies' banquet; below: men's banquet
	129. Elevation and plan of the Zhu Wei shrine and tomb
	130. Bearded official
	131. Stone pillar decorated with cloud designs
	132. Portrait of an individual in ink and color
	133. Drawing of the portrait in fig. 132
	134. An individual viewing a naked female dancer and a cockfight
	135. Drawing of fig. 134
	136. Two naked dancers and a cockfight
	137. View into the greeting chamber
	138. Deer and other animals leap among cloud designs
	139. Single-horse carriage with covered sides, umbrella canopy, driver, and grooms
	140. Kitchen scene with great boiling cauldrons (center), steamers (upper right), heavily laden meat racks (upper left), a well (lower right) and numerous cooks
	141. Drawing by Faith Peel of the tomb occupant
	142. Peasant paying his rent in grain
	143. The tomb occupant, his wife, and a servant
	144. A long-eared, loose-skinned dog
	145. Elegantly attired women
	146. A dragon emerges from a cloud to seize a hornless cervid
	147. A pair of peacocks or phoenixes
	148. Drawing based on rubbings of the east wall of the Zhu Wei shrine
	149. Ladies at a banquet
	150. An immortal spirit
	151. Beardless gentleman
	152. Inscription in a variety of clerk script on a stone monument
	153. Drawing of an inscription in "bird" script from an inlaid wine container
	154. A gentleman beside a tree
	Table 1. Diagnostic features of the classical and descriptive traditions
Acknowledgments
Author's Note
Introduction: Methods & Assumptions
	Pictorial Art and Political Expression
	A Problem of Perspective
	Questions about the Evolution of Style
	Viruses and Artistic Influence
1. Questions about Subject Matter & Style
	The Pictorial Art of the Nobility
	The Art of the Scholars and Officials
	Ritual and Religious Functions of Funerary Imagery
	The Funeral Ceremony as a Representation
	Methodological Problems
		Decorum
		Function
	The Ornamental, Descriptive, and Classical Traditions
2. The Han Public and Its Critique of Aristocratie Taste
	The Distribution of Wealth
	Visual Cues for " Luxury" in the Ornamental Tradition
	Entitlements of Citizens
	Filial Piety and Qualifications for Public Office
	The Meaning of the Ornamental Tradition
	The Nature of the Public in Han China
	The Public as the Audience for Funerary Art
3. The Engravings and Their Market
	The Age of Upstarts
	The Mortuary Monument Industry in the North China Plain
	The Consistency of Market Preferences
	The Size of the Market for Funerary Engravings
	Competition
4. Economic Dimensions of Structure & Style
	Social Incentives for the Consumption of Funerary Art
	Naturalism in the North China Plain
5. Classicism
	The Classical Revival under Emperor Ming
	Classicism in the Provinces
	Political Administration
	Classical Imagery
	The Classical Revival in Art and Architecture: Questions of Style
	The Classical Style of Engraving at Wulaowa
	Rhetorical Devices in the Classical Style
	Rhetorical Potential of the Classical Style
	Implications of the Classical Revival
6. Classical Themes as Arguments
	Human Rights and Classical Rhetoric
	Citizen Participation in Politics
	The Theme of Political Participation at Wulaowa
7. Classical Themes as Criticism
8. Omens as Arguments
	Common Assumptions of Latter Han Scholars
	The Transmission of Power in the Cosmicand Social Realms
	The New Text School and Its Theory of Representation
	Omens as Arguments for a Scholar's Virtue
		The Phoenix
		The Crow
9. Omens as Criticism
10. Tombs of the Descriptive Tradition & Their Market
11. Conflicts of Taste
	Classical Ideals and Education
	Challenges to Classicism
	Political Activism and Classical Values
	Conflicts of Taste, A.D. 159-169
	The Zhu Wei Shrine
	Conflicts of Taste, A.D. 169-184
	Naturalism Reconsidered
Conclusion
Notes
	Introduction: Methods and Assumptions
	1. Questions about Subject Matter and Style
	2. The Han Public and Its Critique of Aristocratic Taste
	3. The Engravings and Their Market
	4. Economic Dimensions of Structure and Style
	5. Classicism
	6. Classical Themes as Arguments
	7. Classical Themes as Criticism
	8. Omens as Arguments
	9. Omens as Criticism
	10. Tombs of the Descriptive Tradition and Their Market
	11. Conflicts of Taste
Glossary of Chinese Characters
Bibliography
Index