Architecture of Network Systems

Front Cover......Page 1
Architecture of Network Systems......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Approach......Page 14
We want to hear from you......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 16
About the Authors......Page 18
Computer networks......Page 20
Embedded systems......Page 22
Protocols and network systems......Page 24
Organization of this book......Page 25
Introduction......Page 30
The open systems interconnection reference model......Page 31
Protocol stacks and protocol elements......Page 32
Network systems: definition and types......Page 36
Structure of network systems......Page 40
Summary......Page 43
Introduction......Page 44
Requirements of network applications and services......Page 45
Quantitative requirements......Page 46
Example requirements......Page 47
The throughput preservation challenge......Page 48
Traffic models and benchmarks......Page 51
Summary......Page 52
Introduction......Page 54
Crossbars and interconnection networks......Page 57
Switch organization......Page 59
Switch scheduling......Page 62
Centralized scheduling......Page 65
Distributed scheduling......Page 68
Use of randomization......Page 76
Summary......Page 80
Introduction......Page 82
Basic network adapter......Page 83
Adapter operation analysis......Page 85
Memory management unit with local memory......Page 89
Memory management unit and processor with local memory......Page 92
Intelligent DMA......Page 94
Multiprocessor processing element......Page 96
Single SPE configuration......Page 98
Multi-SPE configuration—protocol multiprocessing......Page 99
Multi-SPE configuration—spatial parallelism......Page 100
Memory management schemes......Page 103
Detached MMU......Page 105
Summary......Page 106
Introduction......Page 108
Types of bridges......Page 110
Transparent bridging and special-purpose subsystems......Page 111
High-performance transparent bridge architecture......Page 116
Transparent bridging support unit......Page 120
Network attachment unit design......Page 123
lnternal switching component operation......Page 126
Partitioned data memory organization......Page 128
Summary......Page 129
Functionality of the network layer......Page 130
Systems requirements......Page 131
Generic router design......Page 134
Data plane......Page 136
Route lookup......Page 137
Queuing and buffering management......Page 145
Routing algorithms......Page 148
Error handling......Page 155
Example network layer systems......Page 158
Summary......Page 159
Functionality of the transport layer......Page 160
Network flows......Page 162
Packet classification......Page 166
Transport layer systems......Page 175
Summary......Page 179
Application layer......Page 180
Functionality of the application layer......Page 181
Application layer protocols......Page 182
Payload inspection......Page 191
Load balancing......Page 199
Summary......Page 201
Quality of service......Page 202
Quality of service concepts......Page 203
Network support for QoS......Page 206
Link scheduling algorithms......Page 207
Security concepts......Page 218
Cryptography overview......Page 219
Security in network protocols......Page 223
Denial-of-service attacks......Page 226
Summary......Page 229
General-purpose packet processors......Page 230
Performance vs flexibility......Page 231
Systems-on-a-chip......Page 232
Network processors......Page 233
Design choices......Page 239
Example systems......Page 242
Trade-offs in use of accelerators......Page 243
Example accelerators......Page 244
Accelerator implementations......Page 245
Summary......Page 246
Introduction......Page 248
Lookup engines......Page 249
Network processors......Page 254
Summary......Page 256
Introduction......Page 258
Network-on-chip architectures......Page 259
Network-on-chip routing schemes......Page 260
Technology and circuit design......Page 261
Bus delay model......Page 262
Crossbar delay model......Page 263
Power issues......Page 266
Summary......Page 267
Software support for network systems......Page 268
Run-time components......Page 269
Software interfaces......Page 271
Networking software in operating systems......Page 272
Software interactions......Page 273
Performance considerations......Page 275
Router operating systems......Page 278
Packet processing software......Page 281
Summary......Page 284
Networking trends......Page 286
Limitations in the Internet......Page 287
Extended reach of the Internet......Page 288
New networking paradigms......Page 289
Diversity of protocols......Page 292
Single infrastructure......Page 293
Virtualized networks......Page 294
Programmability in next-generation networks......Page 296
Implementing programmability......Page 298
Experimental testbeds......Page 299
Summary......Page 300
Layered internet architecture......Page 302
Hourglass architecture......Page 303
Protocol processing in network systems......Page 304
Example protocol stack......Page 305
Medium access control......Page 306
Ethernet......Page 309
Internet protocol......Page 311
Transport layer......Page 313
Reliable data transfer......Page 314
Transmission control protocol......Page 316
Summary......Page 318
References......Page 320
Index......Page 332