Architectural Tiles: Conservation and Restoration

Architectural Tiles: Conservation and Restoration......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgments and thanks......Page 10
Acknowledgements for photographs......Page 12
List of colour plates......Page 19
Introduction......Page 20
Introduction......Page 24
Medieval pavements......Page 25
Delftware interiors......Page 27
Nineteenth and early twentieth century interior schemes......Page 30
Introduction......Page 39
Early tile making......Page 40
Degradation associated with manufacturing techniques......Page 45
Contemporary tile making techniques in the medieval style......Page 47
Early tile making in the Netherlands......Page 50
Degradation associated with manufacturing techniques......Page 55
Current tile making techniques......Page 56
Factory restoration techniques......Page 59
Industrial mass production of nineteenth century floor tiles......Page 60
Degradation of floor tiles associated with production techniques......Page 64
Industrial mass production of nineteenth century glazed wall tiles......Page 66
Degradation of glazed wall tiles associated with production techniques......Page 68
Current tile manufacturing techniques for restoration projects......Page 70
Conclusion......Page 76
Introduction......Page 78
Construction methods in the medieval period......Page 79
Early lime mortar......Page 81
Mortar mixes for resetting......Page 84
Construction methods in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries......Page 85
Fixing methods and materials in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries......Page 87
Mortar and resetting for seventeenth and eighteenth century tiles......Page 89
Short case study......Page 90
Construction methods in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries......Page 91
Problems connected with the early use of Portland cement......Page 97
Mortars and adhesives for resetting nineteenth and early twentieth century tiles......Page 100
Conclusion......Page 104
Introduction......Page 106
Pre-industrial age......Page 108
Post-industrial age......Page 109
Conservation in the USA......Page 114
Introduction......Page 118
Historical context......Page 119
Identifying deterioration......Page 120
Identifying wear and tear due to natural aging......Page 122
Treatment recommendations within a survey......Page 123
Role of the conservator as consultant......Page 125
Hard and soft bodies......Page 126
Medieval tile pavements......Page 127
Seventeenth and eighteenth century glazed wall tiles......Page 130
Nineteenth and twentieth century tiles......Page 132
Paint removal from glazed tiles......Page 136
Salts......Page 137
Advice to others......Page 139
Degradation and consolidation of medieval mortar......Page 141
Causes of degradation in seventeenth and eighteenth century mortars......Page 142
Consolidating seventeenth and eighteenth century mortars......Page 144
Causes of degradation in nineteenth and twentieth century mortars......Page 145
Consolidation of nineteenth and twentieth century mortars......Page 147
The importance of grout......Page 148
Causes of damage to in-situ tiles......Page 150
Consolidating medieval tiles......Page 152
Consolidating seventeenth and eighteenth century tiles......Page 153
Consolidating nineteenth and twentieth century tiles......Page 154
Painting or retouching......Page 155
Eighteenth century and later tiles......Page 157
Removal of steel pins......Page 160
Ethical considerations......Page 161
Practice of relocation......Page 163
Preparing for reuse or display......Page 168
Displaying tile panels......Page 170
Conservation treatment reports......Page 172
On-site work......Page 174
On-site tools and materials checklist......Page 176
Studio equipment......Page 177
Historic context......Page 179
Condition survey, September 1999......Page 181
Repairs to the hallway floor (Room 242), August 2000......Page 182
The atrium floor......Page 188
The conservation and restoration of Pugin tiles at the House of Commons, London......Page 193
Manufacture......Page 194
On-site conservation......Page 196
Introduction......Page 197
The natural environment......Page 198
Treatment methods......Page 200
The weather......Page 202
Conclusion......Page 204
Appendix......Page 205
Persian Water Rug fountain, San Diego, California, USA......Page 208
Sidewalk tiles, Joliet, Illinois......Page 209
Update......Page 212
Introduction......Page 213
Conservation treatment......Page 214
Treatment......Page 215
Additional treatment......Page 218
Reversing technique......Page 219
Bibliography and references......Page 220
Appendix......Page 223
Index......Page 224