Architectural Drafting and Design

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
Acknowledgments......Page 21
Prologue......Page 25
SECTION 1 Introduction to Architectural Design and Drafting......Page 27
Drafter......Page 29
Kitchen and Bath Designer......Page 32
Interior Designer......Page 33
Architect......Page 34
Engineer......Page 35
Related Fields......Page 36
An Introduction to Green Design......Page 38
Additional Resources......Page 57
Professional Architectural Careers, Office Practices, and Opportunities Test......Page 58
Loan Applications......Page 59
Building Permits......Page 60
Completion Notices......Page 61
Construction Estimates......Page 62
Construction Inspections......Page 63
Introduction to Construction Procedures Test......Page 66
Drafting Pencils and Leads......Page 70
Erasers and Accessories......Page 71
Drafting Instruments......Page 73
Drafting Machines......Page 76
Scales......Page 77
Protractors......Page 80
CADD Applications......Page 82
Papers and Films......Page 84
Manual Drawing Reproduction......Page 85
Drafting Archives......Page 86
How to Fold Prints......Page 87
Microfilm......Page 88
Drafting Media and Reproduction Methods Test......Page 90
Sketching Straight Lines......Page 92
Sketching Circular Lines......Page 93
Measurement Lines and Proportions......Page 94
Introduction to Multiview Sketches......Page 97
Isometric Sketches......Page 99
Multiview Projection......Page 101
Projection of Features from an Inclined Plane......Page 105
Sketching Applications Test......Page 110
Types of Lines......Page 113
Line Techniques......Page 117
Lettering......Page 120
CADD Lettering......Page 123
Additional Resources......Page 126
Architectural Lines and Lettering Test......Page 127
Architectural CADD Software Products......Page 130
Using CADD Templates......Page 133
U.S. National CAD Standard......Page 134
Uniform Drawing System......Page 135
Model and Sheet File-Naming Standards......Page 136
Sheet Organization......Page 139
Drafting Conventions......Page 142
CADD Graphics......Page 143
Drawing on CADD Layers......Page 146
CADD Plotting Guidelines......Page 151
Computer-Aided Design and Drafting in Architecture Test......Page 161
SECTION 2 Residential Design......Page 165
General Construction Specifications......Page 167
Specifications for Commercial Construction......Page 172
Construction Documents......Page 175
Construction Specifications Test......Page 176
Green Building Guidelines......Page 178
National Building Codes......Page 181
Basic Design Criteria for Building Planning......Page 182
Climatic and Geographic Design Criteria......Page 189
International Energy Conservation Code......Page 195
Additional Resources......Page 200
Conservation and Environmental Design and Construction Test......Page 201
Living Area......Page 203
Sleeping Area......Page 211
Service Areas......Page 216
Traffic Patterns......Page 229
Green Design Considerations......Page 233
Room Relationships and Sizes Test......Page 234
Site Considerations......Page 235
Elements of Design......Page 237
Principles of Design......Page 238
Floor Plan Styles......Page 240
Exterior Styles......Page 242
Exterior Design Factors Test......Page 256
Energy-Efficient Design......Page 258
An Overview......Page 259
National Association of Home Builders Model Green Home Building......Page 261
The EnviroHome Initiative, Canadian Home Builders’ Association......Page 262
Solar Energy Design......Page 263
Passive Solar Systems......Page 265
Active Solar Systems......Page 268
Geothermal Systems......Page 270
Healthy Architectural Design and Construction......Page 272
Conservation and Environmental Design and Construction Test......Page 277
SECTION 3 Site Planning......Page 281
View Orientation......Page 283
Solar Orientation......Page 285
Wind Orientation......Page 286
Sound Orientation......Page 290
Additional Resources......Page 292
Site Orientation Test......Page 293
Rectangular Survey System......Page 294
Lot and Block System......Page 297
Topography......Page 298
Drawing Site Plans......Page 300
Grading Plan Features......Page 301
Site Analysis Plan......Page 303
Subdivision Plans......Page 306
Metrics in Site Planning......Page 307
Legal Descriptions and Site Plan Requirements Test......Page 310
Introduction......Page 311
Site Design Considerations......Page 312
Rural Residential Fire Department Access and Site Planning......Page 313
Laying Out Property Lines......Page 314
Using Surveyor’s Units......Page 315
Site Plan Drawing Checklist......Page 316
Drawing Contour Lines......Page 317
Drawing Profiles......Page 319
Drawing Grading Plans......Page 320
Site Plan Layout Test......Page 329
SECTION 4 The Floor Plan......Page 335
CADD Applications......Page 337
CADD Applications......Page 342
Door Symbol Representations......Page 344
Window Symbol Representations......Page 347
Schedules......Page 350
Cabinets, Fixtures, and Appliances on Floor Plans......Page 358
Common Sizes of Architectural Features......Page 363
Floor Plan Materials......Page 365
Stair Planning and Floor Plan Representation......Page 367
Designing and Drawing Stairs with CADD......Page 371
Fireplaces on Floor Plans......Page 372
Solid Fuel–Burning Appliances......Page 376
Other Floor Plan Symbols......Page 377
CADD Floor Plan Symbols......Page 380
Additional Resources......Page 383
Floor Plan Symbols Test......Page 384
Placing Exterior Dimensions......Page 386
Standard Feature Dimensions......Page 390
Omitting Dimensions Established by the Foundation......Page 391
Dimensioning Arc and Circular Floor Plan Features......Page 392
Common Sizes of Architectural Features......Page 393
Concrete-Block and Structural Masonry Construction on the Floor Plan......Page 395
Floor Plan Notes and Specifications......Page 396
Using Metric Dimensions......Page 398
Floor Plan Dimensions and Notes Test......Page 403
Steps for Laying Out a Floor Plan......Page 405
CADD Applications......Page 418
CADD Applications......Page 420
Floor Plan Drawing Checklist......Page 424
Floor Plan Layout Test......Page 429
SECTION 5 Supplemental Floor Plan Drawings......Page 455
CADD Applications......Page 457
Electrical Circuit Design......Page 458
Basic Electrical Design Recommendations......Page 459
Energy Conservation......Page 460
Electrical Design Considerations......Page 461
Universal Electrical Installations......Page 463
Electrical Symbols......Page 465
Light Fixture Design and Placement......Page 469
Electrical Schedules......Page 472
Electrical Wiring Specifications......Page 473
Steps in Drawing the Electrical Plan......Page 474
Electrical Plan Drawing Checklist......Page 475
Additional Resources......Page 484
Electrical Plans Test......Page 485
Introduction......Page 487
Plumbing Terms and Definitions......Page 488
Universal Plumbing Installations......Page 490
Water Systems......Page 492
Drainage and Vent Systems......Page 495
Isometric Plumbing Drawings......Page 496
Automatic Fire Sprinkler Systems......Page 497
Sewage Disposal......Page 498
Metrics in Plumbing......Page 500
Commercial Plumbing Drawings......Page 501
Plumbing Plan Drawing Checklist......Page 504
Plumbing Plans Test......Page 509
Central Forced-Air Systems......Page 511
Forced-Air Heating Plans......Page 512
Heat Pump Systems......Page 516
Zone Control Systems......Page 517
Thermostats......Page 518
Heat Recovery and Ventilation......Page 519
HVAC Symbols......Page 521
Universal HVAC Design......Page 523
HVAC Code Requirements......Page 524
Thermal Calculations for Heating/Cooling......Page 525
Steps in Filling Out the Residential Heating Data Sheet......Page 526
Steps in Filling Out the Residential Cooling Data Sheet......Page 532
HVAC Drawings......Page 537
HVAC Plan Drawing Checklist......Page 542
Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning Test......Page 546
SECTION 6 Roof Plans......Page 551
Common Roof Terms......Page 553
Roof Shapes......Page 559
Roofing Materials......Page 565
Roof Ventilation and Access......Page 569
Roof Plan Components Test......Page 571
Representing Roof Plan Components......Page 573
Representing Structural Materials......Page 579
Representing Nonstructural Material......Page 580
Annotation......Page 583
Drawing Gable Roof Plans......Page 584
Drawing Hip Roof Plans......Page 585
Drawing Dutch Hip Roof Plans......Page 586
Roof Plan Layout Test......Page 589
SECTION 7 Elevations......Page 591
Major Considerations of Drawing Elevations......Page 593
Representing Materials in Elevation......Page 598
Green Applications of Exterior Elevations......Page 613
Introduction to Elevations Test......Page 614
CADD Applications......Page 615
Drawing Finished-Quality Lines Manually......Page 619
Annotation......Page 621
Drawing Roof Intersections......Page 622
Drawing Irregular Shapes......Page 623
CADD Applications......Page 626
Elevation Checklist......Page 632
Elevation Layout and Drawing Techniques Test......Page 633
Types of Millwork......Page 634
Cabinets......Page 638
Cabinet Elevations and Layout......Page 643
Cabinet Elevations Checklist......Page 649
Millwork and Cabinet Technology, Cabinet Elevations, and Layout Test......Page 653
SECTION 8 Framing Methods and Plans......Page 655
Wood Framing Methods......Page 657
Energy-Efficient Framing Methods......Page 664
Green Construction Goals......Page 675
Additional Resources......Page 678
Framing Methods Test......Page 679
Floor Construction......Page 680
Framed Wall Construction......Page 690
Roof Construction......Page 698
Additional Resources......Page 709
Structural Components Test......Page 710
Types of Loads......Page 711
Load Design......Page 714
Load Distribution......Page 716
Design Criteria for Structural Loading Test......Page 718
Determining Size and Span......Page 720
Working with Engineered Lumber......Page 725
Sizing Joists and Rafters Using Span Tables Test......Page 732
Structural Lumber......Page 734
Loading Reactions of Wood Members......Page 736
Methods of Beam Design......Page 738
Sizing Wood Beams Using Standard Formulas......Page 740
Wood Adjustment Factors......Page 744
Review......Page 745
Working with Engineered Beams......Page 746
Simple Beam with a Load Concentrated at the Center......Page 747
Cantilevered Beams with a Uniform Load......Page 749
Determining Beam Sizes Test......Page 751
Major Components Represented on a Framing Plan......Page 753
Resisting Lateral Loads Using the Prescriptive Path of the Code......Page 761
Completing a Framing Plan......Page 777
Roof Framing Plans......Page 779
Floor Framing Plans......Page 785
Roof Framing Plan Checklist......Page 788
Framing Plan Checklist......Page 790
Drawing Framing Plans Test......Page 796
SECTION 9 Foundation Plans......Page 797
Soil Considerations......Page 799
Types of Foundations......Page 803
Dimensioning Foundation Components......Page 824
Green Foundations......Page 826
Foundation Systems Test......Page 827
On-Grade Foundations......Page 829
Crawl Space Floor Systems......Page 840
Green Floor Systems......Page 852
Floor Systems and Foundation Support Test......Page 853
Concrete Slab Foundation Layout......Page 854
Foundation Plan with Joist Construction......Page 857
Standard Foundation with Post-and-Beam Floor System......Page 861
Combination Slab and Crawl Space Plans for a Partial Basement......Page 866
Full Basement......Page 870
Foundation Plan Layout Test......Page 875
SECTION 10 Wall Sections and Details......Page 877
Types of Sections......Page 879
Drawing Scale......Page 882
Representing and Locating Materials......Page 884
Sectioning Basics Test......Page 887
Stage 2: Lay Out the Section......Page 888
Stage 3: Finished-Quality Lines for Structural Members Only......Page 890
Stage 4: Drawing Finishing Materials......Page 893
Stage 5: Dimensioning......Page 895
Stage 6: Lettering Notes......Page 896
Section—Trusses Checklist......Page 897
Section Layout Test......Page 900
Floor Joist/Foundation......Page 902
Post-and-Beam Foundations......Page 905
Basement with Concrete Slab......Page 907
Conventional (Stick) Roof Framing......Page 912
Garage/Residence—Section......Page 918
Alternative Layout Techniques Test......Page 921
Stair Terminology......Page 927
Determining Rise and Run......Page 928
Straight Stair Layout......Page 929
Open Stairway Layout......Page 932
U-Shaped Stairs......Page 935
Exterior Stairs......Page 936
Section—Stair Checklist......Page 937
Stair Construction and Layout Test......Page 939
Fireplace Alternatives......Page 940
Fireplace Terms......Page 941
Drawing the Fireplace Section......Page 947
Section—Masonry Fireplace Checklist......Page 952
Fireplace Elevations......Page 954
Fireplace Construction and Layout Test......Page 957
SECTION 11 Presentation Drawings and Renderings......Page 959
Types of Presentation Drawings......Page 961
Methods of Presentation......Page 962
Rendering Procedure for Drawings......Page 967
Using CADD to Make Presentation Drawing......Page 974
SECTION 12 Commercial Drafting......Page 977
Exploring Building Codes......Page 979
Determining Design Categories......Page 981
Using the Codes......Page 997
The Code and Computers......Page 999
Building Codes and Commercial Design Test......Page 1000
Wood......Page 1001
Concrete Block......Page 1005
Poured Concrete......Page 1009
Steel Construction......Page 1014
Common Connection Methods......Page 1021
Additional Resources......Page 1031
Common Commercial Construction Materials Test......Page 1033
Office Practice......Page 1035
Drawing Organization......Page 1037
Site Drawings......Page 1039
Architectural Drawings......Page 1043
Structural Drawings......Page 1064
Electrical Drawings......Page 1076
Fixture Drawings......Page 1078
Mechanical Drawings......Page 1080
Plumbing Drawings......Page 1081
Commercial Construction Projects Test......Page 1087
Procedure—From Calculations to Working Drawing......Page 1088
Order of Precedence......Page 1091
Structural Drafting Project......Page 1092
Sustainable Design Opportunity......Page 156
GreenFormat......Page 174
Green Codes......Page 199
Green Styles......Page 254
The Ultimate Urban Green Home......Page 274
Environmentally Sound Landscaping Practices......Page 291
Designing an Ecosystem......Page 327
Windows and Energy Loss......Page 351
The International Energy Conservation Code......Page 422
Living Smart......Page 426
Going Green......Page 430
Electricity Generation from Wind Power......Page 482
Solar Hot Water......Page 499
Indoor Water Use......Page 507
Improving Indoor Air Quality......Page 535
Green Roofing......Page 570
Green Framing......Page 663
Environmentally Friendly Design and Construction......Page 708
Goals of an Energy-Efficient Fireplace......Page 948
Green Design Considerations......Page 1029
Using CADD for Conceptual Design and Presentation Sketches......Page 106
Drawing Lines......Page 118
The Future Is Here with CADD......Page 132
Architectural CADD Symbols......Page 145
This Is What the Future Looks Like: Web-Based Architectural Collaboration......Page 155
Using CADD to Draw Site Plans......Page 322
Drawing Floor Plan Walls Using CADD......Page 343
U.S. National CAD Standard for Schedules......Page 356
Placing Material Symbols with CADD......Page 366
Placing Architectural Dimensions with CADD......Page 400
CADD Applications......Page 407
CADD Applications......Page 409
CADD Applications......Page 410
CADD Applications......Page 411
CADD Applications......Page 412
CADD Applications......Page 413
CADD Applications......Page 414
CADD Applications......Page 415
CADD Applications......Page 416
Using CADD to Draw Floor Plans......Page 425
Drawing Electrical Symbols with CADD......Page 480
Drawing Plumbing Symbols with CADD......Page 505
CADD in the HVAC Industry......Page 543
Drawing Roof Plans with CADD......Page 587
CADD Elevations and Symbols......Page 612
Options for Creating Cabinet Elevations......Page 647
Drawing Millwork and Cabinet Elevations with CADD......Page 651
Drawing Framing Plans with CADD......Page 795
Using CADD to Draw Foundation Plans......Page 873
Drawing Sections and Details with CADD......Page 898
Drawing Stairs with CADD......Page 938
Drawing Fireplace Sections and Elevations with CADD......Page 956
Commercial Drawings......Page 1084
Glossary......Page 1121
Index......Page 1139