Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Brief Contents
CONTENTS
Preface
Introduction: Philosophy and the Search for Wisdom
	What to Expect from This Book
	Areas of Philosophy
	Philosophical Archetypes
	Are Philosophers Always Men?
	Philosophy and the Search for Truth
	\"Isn\'t All This Just a Matter of Opinion?\"
	Wisdom, Knowledge, and Belief
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
	Overview of Classical Themes
1. The Asian Sages: Lao-tzu, Confucius, and Buddha
	The Harmony of Heaven and Earth
	Sagehood
	The Do-Nothing Sage: Lao-Tzu
	The Way
	The Way of Reversal
	The Way of Inaction
	The Social Sage: Confucius
	The Bodhisattva
	Karma
	The Four Noble Truths
	The Eightfold Path
	The Buddha\'s Legacy
	What the Buddha Did Not Explain
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
2. The Presocratic Sophos
	From Sophos to Philosopher
	The Search for a Common Principle
	Rational Discourse
	The Problem of Change
	The Logos
	Appearance and Reality
	The One
	The Many
	Atoms and the Void
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
3. The Sophist: Protagoras
	The Advent of Professional Educators
	Power and Education
	Relativism
	Protagoras the Pragmatist
	Moral Realism: Might Makes Right
	The Doctrine of the Superior Individual
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
4. The Wise Man: Socrates
	The General Character of Socrates
	The Teacher and His Teachings
	The Dialectic
	Socrates at Work
	The Unexamined Life
	The Physician of the Soul
	The Trial and Death of Socrates
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
5. The Philosopher-King: Plato
	Plato\'s Life and Work
	Plato\'s Epistemology
	Knowledge and Being
	The Theory of Forms
	The Divided Line
	The Simile of the Sun
	The Allegory of the Cave
	The Rule of the Wise
	The Origin of Democracy
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
6. The Naturalist: Aristotle
	Works
	Aristotle\'s Life
	The Lyceum
	The Naturalist
	Natural Changes
	Aristotle\'s Hierarchy of Explanations
	The Four Causes
	Entelechy
	The Hierarchy of Souls
	Natural Happiness
	Hitting the Mark
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
7. The Stoics: Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius
	Hedonism
	Epicureanism
	The Cynical Origins of Stoicism
	A Scout for Wisdom
	Epictetus: From Slave to Sage
	Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher-King
	The Fated Life
	Stoic Wisdom
	The World of Epictetus
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
8. The Scholar: Thomas Aquinas
	The Seeds of Change
	Augustine: Between Two Worlds
	The Life of Thomas Aquinas
	The Wisdom of the Scholar
	Why Do People Argue about Spiritual Matters?
	Proving the Existence of God
	Commentary on the Five Ways
	Complications for Natural Theology
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
	Overview of Modern Themes
9. The Rationalist: Rene Descartes
	The Problem of Authority
	Rene Descartes: The Solitary Intellect
	Rationalism
	The Method of Doubt
	The Cartesian Genesis
	The Innate Idea of God
	The Cartesian Bridge
	From Cosmos to Machine
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
10. The Skeptic: David Hume
	John Locke
	George Berkeley
	David Hume: The Scottish Skeptic
	Hume\'s Skeptical Empiricism
	The Limits of Reason
	The Limits of Science
	The Limits of Theology
	The Limits of Ethics
	Emotions are also Reasons
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
11. The Universalist: Immanuel Kant
	The Professor
	A Scandal in Philosophy
	Kant\'s Copernican Revolution
	The Metaphysics of Morals
	Moral Duty
	A Kantian Theory of Justice
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
12. The Utilitarian: John Stuart Mill
	Social Hedonism
	Philosophy and Social Reform
	The Principle of Utility
	John Stuart Mill
	Refined Utilitarianism
	Altruism and Happiness
	Mill\'s Persistent Optimism
	Against Liberty
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
13. The Materialist: Karl Marx
	The Prophet
	Dialectical Materialism
	Critique of Capitalism
	Alienation
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
14. The Existentialist: Soren Kierkegaard
	Soren Kierkegaard
	Truth as Subjectivity
	An Age of Virtual Equality
	Becoming a Subject
	Stages on Life\'s Way
	Dangerous Stuff
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
15. The Pragmatist: William James
	An American Original
	Charles Sanders Peirce
	Pragmatism
	Pragmatic Religion
	Truth is Always Personal
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
16. The Anti-Philosopher: Friedrich Nietzsche
	The Outsider
	Truth is a Matter of Perspective
	Attack on Objectivity
	The Will to Power
	The Diseases of Modernity
	God is Dead
	Overman
	Slave Morality
	Master Morality
	Commentary
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
17. The Twentieth Century: Ludwig Wittgenstein and Martin Heidegger
	Two Approaches to Philosophy
	Ludwig Wittgenstein
	What are You Talking About?
	Wittgenstein\'s Turn
	Martin Heidegger
	Phenomenology: The Science of Beings
	Being Human
	What is the Meaning of Being?
	The Attitude of Humanity
	The \"They\"
	The Age of Technology
	Wither Philosophy? (A Pun)
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
18. Philosophy as a Way of Life
	Jean-Paul Sartre: A Way of Life is a Philosophy
	Freedom and Forlornness
	The Reemergence of Other Voices
	Martin Luther King, Jr.: Philosophic Activist
	Peter Singer: \"The Dangerous Philosopher\"
	Martha C. Nussbaum: \"Lawyer for Humanity\"
	Philosophy and Human Development
	Philosophy as a Way of Life
	The Heart of Philosophy
	A Vision for You
	Summary of Main Points
	Post-Reading Reflections
Chapter Notes
	intro
	ch01
	ch02
	ch03
	ch04-05
	ch06-07
	ch08-09
	ch10
	ch11-12
	ch13-14
	ch15
	ch16
	ch17
	ch18
Glossary
Bibliography of Philosophical Delights
Index of Margin Quotes
INDEX
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	J, K
	L, M
	N
	O
	P
	Q, R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y, Z
Timeline of Important Philosophical Trends
Timeline of Important Philosophical Trends (cont\'d)