Arab Economies in the Twenty-First Century

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 8
Tables......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
ONE Introduction......Page 13
TWO Demography and Economics......Page 19
Population Growth......Page 21
The Role of Economic Factors in Declining Fertility......Page 24
Demographic Transition......Page 25
The Labor Market......Page 27
Labor-Force Participation......Page 30
Public Sector Employment......Page 32
Unemployment......Page 34
Economic Growth and Industrialization......Page 35
Agriculture......Page 42
Rents: Oil and Gas......Page 43
Political Rents......Page 44
Conclusions......Page 46
Differences and Commonalities......Page 48
Why Did Imbalances Persist?......Page 49
Schools of Thought......Page 53
Hydraulic Despotism......Page 54
The Role of Geography......Page 55
Factor Endowments......Page 57
Factor Endowments and Colonialism......Page 58
Culture......Page 59
Institutions......Page 60
Religion......Page 62
Long-Term Stagnation......Page 66
The Middle Class......Page 67
Conclusions......Page 71
Introduction......Page 73
The Arab States, East Asia, and Latin America......Page 76
Industrialization......Page 78
East Asia......Page 79
Industrial Policy......Page 82
The Hard State in South Korea and Taiwan......Page 85
Taiwan......Page 86
South Korea......Page 88
Latin America......Page 93
The Arab World......Page 96
The Rise of the Islamic State......Page 97
The Umayyads......Page 98
The Abbasids......Page 99
Ibn Khaldun and the Tribal State......Page 104
Conclusions......Page 105
Demographic Trends......Page 107
Demographic Growth and the Labor Force......Page 112
Unemployment......Page 114
Employment......Page 115
Economic Growth and Structural Change......Page 116
Nasser's Legacy: Centralization......Page 117
Sadat's Legacy: Growth of Rental Income and Partial Liberalization......Page 119
Mubarak: The Hesitant Reformer......Page 121
Recent Trends......Page 126
The Qualified Industrial Zones......Page 129
The Role of Initial Conditions in Egypt and South Korea......Page 131
Conclusions......Page 142
Introduction......Page 144
The Colonial Inheritance......Page 145
Demographic Trends......Page 147
The Labor Force......Page 150
Agriculture......Page 151
Manufacturing Industry......Page 153
The Allocation of Oil Revenues and Their Effects......Page 155
The Costs of Conflict......Page 157
The 2003 War and Its Aftermath......Page 160
The Oil Sector......Page 161
Basic Needs......Page 162
Liberalization and Privatization......Page 163
The Economy since 2003......Page 164
Conclusions......Page 165
Demography......Page 167
The Labor Market......Page 169
Characteristics of the Economy......Page 171
The Crisis of the 1980s and Its Solution......Page 173
Foreign Debt and the Balance of Payments......Page 175
The Development of the Business Community......Page 179
King Abdullah's Economic Priorities......Page 181
Qualified Industrial Zones......Page 182
Agriculture......Page 183
Conclusions......Page 185
Demographic Trends......Page 186
Economic Development and Structural Change......Page 188
Agriculture......Page 192
The Foreign Trade System......Page 195
Foreign Investment......Page 197
The Labor Market......Page 198
Human Development Indices......Page 200
The Private Sector and the State......Page 201
Conclusions......Page 202
NINE Palestine: The Making and Unmaking of a State......Page 204
Demographic Developments......Page 205
The Labor Market......Page 209
The Economy......Page 212
The Structure of the Economy......Page 213
Manufacturing......Page 214
Agriculture......Page 216
Investment......Page 217
The Paris Protocol of 1994......Page 218
Critiques of the Paris Protocol......Page 219
The Palestinian Authority......Page 220
The Budget......Page 222
Effects of the Second Intifada......Page 225
Conclusions......Page 227
TEN Saudi Arabia: Oil Wealth and Unemployment......Page 230
Demographic Developments......Page 231
Immigration......Page 232
The Labor Market......Page 233
Structural Change in the Economy......Page 237
Agriculture......Page 238
Oil Revenues......Page 240
Fiscal Crises......Page 242
Developments since 2000......Page 247
The System of Government......Page 248
Conclusions......Page 250
Population Growth......Page 252
The Labor Market......Page 254
Poverty......Page 256
Economic Growth in the 1990s......Page 257
The Fiscal Balance......Page 261
Banking......Page 263
The Manufacturing Sector......Page 264
Oil......Page 265
Agriculture......Page 267
Water......Page 270
The Balance of Payments and Foreign Debt......Page 271
Syria in Lebanon......Page 273
Conclusions......Page 274
TWELVE Tunisia: Unhappy Economic Leader......Page 278
Demographic Developments......Page 279
Economic Development and Structural Change......Page 280
The 1986 Reforms......Page 281
Agriculture......Page 287
The Weakness of the Private Sector......Page 289
The International Environment......Page 293
The Labor Market......Page 295
Conclusions......Page 297
THIRTEEN Conclusions: The Arab Equilibrium......Page 299
References......Page 309
Index......Page 327