Aquatic Animal Nutrition: Organic Macro- and Micro-Nutrients

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Aquatic Animal Nutrition: Organic Macro- and Micronutrients-`Do Blind Men and Their Elephant Get Wet Feet?´
	References
Chapter 2: Protein Requirement-`Only Meat Makes You Strong´
	2.1 Requirement
	2.2 Amino Acid Landscapes
	2.3 Nutrient-Specific Foraging
	2.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 3: Utilization of Proteinaceous Nutrients-`Becoming Strong with Meat´
	3.1 Invertebrates
		3.1.1 Crustaceans
		3.1.2 Mollusks
		3.1.3 Echinoderms
			3.1.3.1 Sea Urchins
				Nutrient Interactions
	3.2 Fishes
		3.2.1 Protein Consumption During Ontogenesis
		3.2.2 Dietary Protein Excess
	3.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 4: Peptides or Amino Acids?-`The Smaller, the Better?´
	4.1 Amino Acid and Peptide Sensing
	4.2 Amino Acids Versus Oligopeptides
		4.2.1 Invertebrates
		4.2.2 Fishes
	4.3 Dipeptides, Health, and Stress Resistance
	4.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 5: Amino Acid Function and Requirement-`More than Easy Fuel´
	5.1 Function
		5.1.1 Appetite and Growth Regulations
		5.1.2 Methyl-Donating Amino Acids and MicroRNAs
	5.2 Requirement
		5.2.1 Invertebrates
		5.2.2 Fishes
	5.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 6: Simple Amino Acids: Gly, Ala, Asp, Gln-`Pure Easy Fuel?´
	6.1 Glycine and Alanine
	6.2 Asparagine
	6.3 Glutamine and Glutamate
	6.4 Concluding Remark
	References
Chapter 7: The Versatile Amino Acid: Tryptophan-`More Controlling than Fueling´
	7.1 Requirement
	7.2 Stress Tolerance and Behavior
		7.2.1 Fishes
			7.2.1.1 Kynurenic Acid
		7.2.2 Invertebrates
	7.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 8: A Bunch of Amino Acids: Phe, Tyr, Branched-Chain AAs, Ser and Thr-`Much More than Easy Fuel´
	8.1 Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
		8.1.1 Phenylalanine
		8.1.2 Tyrosine
	8.2 Branched-Chain Amino Acids
		8.2.1 Leucine and Isoleucine
			8.2.1.1 Leucine
				Uptake and Transport
				Controlling Function
			8.2.1.2 Isoleucine
		8.2.2 Valine
		8.2.3 Antagonism
	8.3 Serine
	8.4 Threonine
	8.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 9: Sulfur Amino Acids-`Much More than Easy Fuel´
	9.1 Methionine
		9.1.1 Invertebrates
		9.1.2 Fishes
			9.1.2.1 Transgenerational Effect
	9.2 Methionine Hydroxy Analog
	9.3 Cysteine
	9.4 Cystine
	9.5 Ergothioneine
	9.6 Glutathione
	9.7 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 10: Basic Amino Acids and Prolines-`Again: Much More than Easy Fuel´
	10.1 Basic Amino Acids
		10.1.1 Lysine
		10.1.2 Arginine
			10.1.2.1 Invertebrates
			10.1.2.2 Fishes
				Creatine
		10.1.3 Histidine
		10.1.4 Basic Amino Acid Antagonism
	10.2 Proline and Hydroxyproline
		10.2.1 Proline
		10.2.2 Hydroxyproline
	10.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 11: Taurine-`Controlling Rather than Fueling´
	11.1 Taurine Biosynthesis and Physiology
	11.2 Taurine and Immunity
	11.3 Interactions with Nutrients
	11.4 Concluding Remark
	References
Chapter 12: Nonprotein Amino Acids-`Fuel at All?´
	12.1 l-Canavanine
	12.2 l-Citrulline
	12.3 Mimosine
	12.4 γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
	12.5 l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)
	12.6 l-Carnitine
	12.7 l-Ornithine
	12.8 Cadaverine
	12.9 β-Alanine
	12.10 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 13: Carbohydrates with Emphasis on Glucose-`Life´s Little Luxury´
	13.1 Carbohydrate Digestibility
	13.2 Carbohydrates and Immunity
		13.2.1 Glucose
	13.3 Glucosensing
	13.4 Rhythmicity
	13.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 14: Glucose Homeostasis-`Life´s Little Luxury Balanced´
	14.1 Homeostasis: Fishes
		14.1.1 Metal Supplementation
		14.1.2 Physiological Details
	14.2 Homeostasis: Invertebrates
	14.3 Regulation
		14.3.1 Glycolysis
		14.3.2 Gluconeogenesis
		14.3.3 Glycophagy
	14.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 15: Glucose Intolerance-`Life´s Real Luxury?´
	15.1 Tolerance
	15.2 Intolerance
	15.3 Feeding Habit Reevaluation
	15.4 Impairments
		15.4.1 Antidotes
	15.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 16: Carbohydrate Transport-`Life´s Useful Luxury Distributed´
	16.1 Intestinal Transport
		16.1.1 Invertebrates
			16.1.1.1 Crustaceans
			16.1.1.2 Mollusks
		16.1.2 Fishes
			16.1.2.1 Herbivorous and Omnivorous Fishes
			16.1.2.2 Carnivorous Fishes
		16.1.3 The Multiple Functions of GLUTs: A Double-Edged Sword?
			16.1.3.1 Crustaceans
			16.1.3.2 Fishes
		16.1.4 Disaccharide Transporter
	16.2 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 17: Protein Sparing by Carbohydrates-`Life´s Useful Luxury´
	17.1 Sparing Details
	17.2 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 18: Carbohydrate Preference and Metabolism-`Life´s Little Luxury Digested´
	18.1 Invertebrates
		18.1.1 Mollusks
			18.1.1.1 Haliotis
		18.1.2 Echinoderms
		18.1.3 Crustaceans
	18.2 Fishes
		18.2.1 Carnivores
		18.2.2 Omnivores
			18.2.2.1 Zebrafish
			18.2.2.2 Common Carp
			18.2.2.3 Nile Tilapia
			18.2.2.4 Wuchang (Blunt Snout) Bream
		18.2.3 Herbivores
			18.2.3.1 Grass Carp
		18.2.4 Action of miRNAs
	18.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 19: Regulatory Potential of Carbohydrates-`Life´s Little Luxury Controls´
	19.1 Growth Modulation
	19.2 Gut Microbiota
	19.3 Immunity
		19.3.1 Adverse Effects
		19.3.2 Beneficial Effects
	19.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 20: Oligosaccharides-`Sweet or Healthy Promises´
	20.1 Disaccharides: Maltose, Sucrose, Trehalose, and Cellobiose
	20.2 Raffinose
	20.3 Lactosucrose
	20.4 Stachyose
	20.5 Fructooligosaccharides
	20.6 Xylooligosaccharides
	20.7 Konjac Oligosaccharides
	20.8 Concluding Remark
	References
Chapter 21: Starch-`Gluey Promise´
	21.1 Starches
		21.1.1 Invertebrates
			21.1.1.1 Mollusks
			21.1.1.2 Echinoderms
			21.1.1.3 Crustaceans
		21.1.2 Fishes
			21.1.2.1 Carnivores
			21.1.2.2 Omnivores and Herbivores
		21.1.3 Nutrigenomics
	21.2 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 22: Nonstarch Polysaccharides-`Neither Sweet Nor Gluey-Adverse?´
	22.1 Supplementation of Exoenzymes
	22.2 Selected Nonstarch Polysaccharides
		22.2.1 Guar Gum
		22.2.2 Xylan
		22.2.3 Pectin
			22.2.3.1 Crustaceans
			22.2.3.2 Fishes
	22.3 Fibers
		22.3.1 Crustaceans
		22.3.2 Fishes
	22.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 23: Lipids-`The Greasy, Unhealthy Stuff´
	23.1 Lipid Requirement
		23.1.1 Invertebrates
			23.1.1.1 Fresh Water
			23.1.1.2 Marine
				Crustaceans
				Echinoderms
		23.1.2 Fishes
			23.1.2.1 Lipid Preference
				Tributyrin
			23.1.2.2 Lipids and Immunity
			23.1.2.3 Lipids and Intestinal Microbiota
	23.2 Metabolism
		23.2.1 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs)
		23.2.2 Retinoid Receptors (RXRs)
		23.2.3 MicroRNAs
	23.3 High-Fat Diets
		23.3.1 Mitigation
	23.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 24: Lipid Homeostasis and Lipophagy-`The Greasy Stuff Balanced´
	24.1 Lipid Homeostasis
	24.2 Lipophagy and Lipid Droplets
		24.2.1 Invertebrates
		24.2.2 Fishes
		24.2.3 Lipid Toxicity
	24.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 25: Protein Sparing by Lipids-`Learning from Wild Conspecifics´
	25.1 Replaceability of Proteins
	25.2 Adipogenesis
		25.2.1 Microbiome Feedback
	25.3 Concluding Considerations
	References
Chapter 26: Fatty Acids-`Fueling Versus Steering´
	26.1 Fatty Acid Sensing in Fishes
		26.1.1 Sensing
	26.2 Fatty Acid Transport
		26.2.1 Fatty Acid (Uptake) Transporters
		26.2.2 ATP-Binding Cassettes
		26.2.3 Intracellular Transporters
		26.2.4 Fine-Tuning of Fatty Acid Transport
	26.3 Regulation of Feed Intake
	26.4 Short-Chain Fatty Acids
	26.5 Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
	26.6 Lipoic Acid
	26.7 Saturated Fatty Acids
	26.8 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 27: Essential Fatty Acids-`Fueling Versus Controlling´
	27.1 Molecular Interplay
	27.2 ω3 or ω6 PUFAs
		27.2.1 Invertebrates
			27.2.1.1 Mollusks
			27.2.1.2 Daphnia and Farmed Shrimps
		27.2.2 Fishes
			27.2.2.1 ω3 Requirement
				Broodstocks
			27.2.2.2 ω3 + ω6 Requirement
			27.2.2.3 EPA, ARA, and DHA
			27.2.2.4 The Janus Face of Dietary ARA
				Transgenerational Effect
	27.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 28: Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids-`Many Can, Some Can´t´
	28.1 Invertebrates
		28.1.1 Methyl End (ωx) Desaturases in Invertebrates
			28.1.1.1 Dietary Poor Environment
		28.1.2 Elongases in Invertebrates
	28.2 Fishes
		28.2.1 Herbivores
			28.2.1.1 Epigenetics
		28.2.2 Omnivores
		28.2.3 Carnivores
			28.2.3.1 Yellow Perch
			28.2.3.2 Salmonids
	28.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 29: LC-PUFAs in Reproduction and Behavior-`Good Cop-Bad Cop?´
	29.1 Reproduction
		29.1.1 Arachidonic Acid
	29.2 Behavior
	29.3 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 30: Trophic Transfer of PUFAs-`Vital Ones Reach Top Predators´
	30.1 Trophic Transfer
	30.2 Trophic Upgrade and Trophic Dynamics
		30.2.1 Paradigm Shift: Headwater Food Webs
	30.3 Man-Made Trophic Downgrading?
	30.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 31: Sterols, Phospholipids, and Wax Esters-`Stay Healthy, Avoid Cholesterol´
	31.1 Sterols
		31.1.1 Cholesterol
			31.1.1.1 Invertebrates with Emphasis on Crustaceans
				Trophic Upgrade
				Transgenerational Effects
			31.1.1.2 Fishes
				Epigenetic Regulation
		31.1.2 Phytosterols
			31.1.2.1 Invertebrates
			31.1.2.2 Fishes
	31.2 Phospholipids
		31.2.1 Invertebrates
			31.2.1.1 Farmed Invertebrates
			31.2.1.2 Zooplankton
		31.2.2 Fishes
	31.3 Wax Esters
	31.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 32: Vitamin A-`Does It Keep the Veterinarian Away?´
	32.1 Functional Studies
		32.1.1 Invertebrates
		32.1.2 Fishes
			32.1.2.1 Broodstock Demands
	32.2 Cross Talk Between Vitamin A and Vitamin D
	32.3 Hypo- and Hypervitaminosis A
	32.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 33: Vitamin B Complex-`Do These Compounds Keep Veterinarians Away?´
	33.1 Vitamin B1: Thiamin
	33.2 Vitamin B2: Riboflavin
	33.3 Vitamin B3: Niacin
	33.4 Vitamin B5: Pantothenic Acid
	33.5 Vitamin B6: Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine
	33.6 Vitamin B7: Biotin
	33.7 Vitamin B9: Folic Acid
	33.8 Vitamin B12: Cobalamin
	33.9 Inositol
	33.10 Choline
	33.11 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 34: Vitamin C-`An Apple a Day Keeps the Veterinarian Away´
	34.1 Effects on Life History Traits
	34.2 Interactions
		34.2.1 Vitamins
			34.2.1.1 Vitamin E
		34.2.2 Further Interactions
			34.2.2.1 Prebiotics: β-Glucan
			34.2.2.2 Minerals
	34.3 Hypo- and Hypervitaminosis
		34.3.1 Hypovitaminosis
		34.3.2 Hypervitaminosis
	34.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 35: Vitamin D-`Keep the Orthopedist Away!´
	35.1 Skeletal Development
	35.2 Requirements
		35.2.1 Invertebrates
		35.2.2 Fishes
			35.2.2.1 Hypervitaminosis D
	35.3 Interaction with Nutrients
	35.4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 36: Vitamin E-`Keep Stress Away!´
	36.1 Epigenetics
	36.2 Immunity
	36.3 Interactions
	36.4 Hypo- and Hypervitaminosis
		36.4.1 Hypovitaminosis
		36.4.2 Hypervitaminosis
	36.5 Coenzyme Q
	36.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 37: Vitamin K-`Keep the Hematologist Away!´
	37.1 Functional Studies
		37.1.1 Invertebrates
		37.1.2 Fishes
	37.2 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 38: Nucleotides-`Only for Fitness Fans?´
	38.1 Invertebrates
	38.2 Fishes
	38.3 Nucleotides and Immunity
		38.3.1 RNA Yeast Extract
	38.4 Nucleotides and Fishmeal Replacement
	38.5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 39: Enzymes-`Digestive Assistance from Aliens´
	39.1 Phytases
		39.1.1 Limitations and Concerns
	39.2 Depolymerizing Enzymes
		39.2.1 Carbohydrases
			39.2.1.1 Glucanases
				Amylases
				Cellulases and Hemicellulases
				Chitinases
			39.2.1.2 Xylanases
		39.2.2 Pectinases
	39.3 Proteases
	39.4 Lipases
	39.5 Enzyme Cocktails
	39.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 40: Intraspecific Variability-`The Apple May Be a PineApple´
	40.1 Invertebrates
	40.2 Farmed Fishes
		40.2.1 Domestication
	40.3 Perspective: Genotyping
	References
Abbreviations
Major Microbial Disease Agents of Farmed Aquatic Animals
	References