Aquaculture Pond Fertilization: Impacts of Nutrient Input on Production

Aquaculture Pond Fertilization : Impacts of Nutrient Input
on Production......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Section 1: General Fertilization Concepts......Page 13
1.2 PLANT NUTRIENTS......Page 15
1.2.1 Phosphorus......Page 17
1.2.2 Nitrogen......Page 23
1.2.3 Carbon......Page 27
1.2.4 Other Nutrients......Page 30
REFERENCES......Page 31
2.2 ORGANISMS IN THE FISHPOND (OTHER THAN CULTURED SPECIES)......Page 35
2.3 THE BOTTOM OF THE FISHPOND......Page 38
2.4 METEOROLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL FACTORS IN THE FISHPOND......Page 39
2.6 CULTURED FISH SPECIES AND THE POND ENVIRONMENT......Page 41
REFERENCE......Page 43
3.2 ECOLOGY OF CULTURED FISHES......Page 45
3.3.1 Inorganic......Page 46
3.3.2 Organic......Page 51
3.3.3 Using Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer Combinations......Page 54
REFERENCES......Page 55
4.2 ACIDIC WATERS......Page 59
4.2.1 Liming Materials......Page 61
4.4 WATER TEMPERATURE......Page 67
4.5.1 Phytoplankton......Page 69
4.5.2 Suspended Clay Particles......Page 71
4.6 FLUSHING RATE......Page 72
4.8 FERTILIZERS, ALKALINITY, AND PH......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 74
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 77
5.3 NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY......Page 78
5.4 WATER POLLUTION......Page 80
5.5 AQUACULTURE EFFLUENT RULE UNITED STATES......Page 81
5.6.1 Applying Fertilizers......Page 82
REFERENCES......Page 83
6.2 PLANT COMMUNITIES AND WATER QUALITY......Page 85
6.3.1 Macrophytic Algae......Page 86
6.3.2 Submersed Plants......Page 88
6.3.3 Emergent Plants......Page 89
6.4.1 Proper Pond Construction......Page 91
6.4.2 ManipulatingWater Levels......Page 92
6.4.5 Mechanical Removal......Page 93
6.5 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL......Page 94
6.6 CHEMICAL CONTROL......Page 95
6.6.1 Herbicide Formulations......Page 96
6.6.2 Herbicide Classification......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 102
Section 2: Management Approaches to Pond Fertilization......Page 105
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 107
7.3 THE BENEFITS OF NUTRIENT RATIO MANIPULATION......Page 108
7.4.1 N:P Ratio......Page 109
7.5 NUTRIENT RATIO STUDIES IN LAKES......Page 110
7.6.1 Management of N:P Ratio Manipulation in Ponds......Page 111
7.6.2 N:P ManipulationWith Inorganic and Organic Fertilizers......Page 112
7.6.3 N:P Ratio Manipulation Inorganics Versus Organics......Page 113
7.6.4 N:P Ratio ManipulationWith Only Inorganic Fertilizers......Page 114
7.7 CALCULATIONS FOR NUTRIENT RATIO MANIPULATION......Page 117
7.8 N:P MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 118
REFERENCES......Page 119
8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 123
8.2.1 Materials......Page 124
8.2.2 Procedure......Page 126
8.3.3 Pond Sediments......Page 132
8.4 THE ABFS COMPARED WITH OTHER FERTILIZATION STRATEGIES......Page 133
8.4.2 Water Chemistry......Page 134
8.4.4 Field Trial Comparisons of ABFS with Computer Model and Fixed-Input Approaches......Page 135
8.5.2 Pond Fertilization......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 138
9.2.1 Applicability of Results......Page 141
9.2.3 Regional Differences......Page 142
9.2.5 Dynamic Fluctuations......Page 143
9.3 DETERMINING AN APPROPRIATE FERTILIZATION STRATEGY......Page 144
REFERENCES......Page 145
Section 3: Common Fertilization Practices Currently Used for Production of Selected Species under Various Culture Conditions......Page 147
10.2 BROODSTOCK PRODUCTION......Page 149
10.4.1 Zooplankton Selectivity......Page 150
10.4.3 Effects of Zooplankton on Growth and Survival......Page 151
10.4.4 Nutrient Additions......Page 152
10.4.5 Nitrogen Sources......Page 153
10.4.6 Organic Fertilizers......Page 154
10.6 SUMMARY......Page 156
REFERENCES......Page 157
11.1.2 Yellow Perch......Page 159
11.2.1 Walleye......Page 160
11.2.2 Yellow Perch......Page 161
11.3.2 Yellow Perch......Page 162
11.4.1 Organic Fertilization......Page 163
11.4.2 Inorganic Fertilization......Page 164
11.4.4 Additional Factors......Page 165
11.5.1 Organic/Inorganic Method at Rathbun Fish Hatchery......Page 166
11.5.2 Inorganic Fertilization Method: Ohio’s State Fish Hatcheries......Page 168
11.5.4 Lined and Earthen Ponds at Blue Dog State Fish Hatchery......Page 169
11.6 SUMMARY......Page 170
REFERENCES......Page 171
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 175
12.2 IMPORTANCE OF THE TILAPIA INDUSTRY......Page 176
12.3 GOALS OF FERTILIZATION......Page 177
12.4 TYPES OF FERTILIZERS......Page 178
12.5 FERTILIZATION RATES......Page 179
12.6 CRSP EXPERIMENTS ON OPTIMUM FERTILIZATION RATES......Page 180
12.7 MODERN FERTILIZATION PROGRAMS......Page 184
12.8 FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 186
REFERENCES......Page 187
13.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 191
13.2 HYBRID CROSSES......Page 192
13.4 FRY AND FINGERLING CULTURE......Page 193
13.6 FRY AND FINGERLINGS......Page 194
13.7.1 Zooplankton Types......Page 195
13.7.2 Zooplankton Succession......Page 196
13.8 FERTILIZATION TECHNIQUES......Page 197
13.9 TEMPERATURE AND ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS......Page 200
13.11 RICE BRAN......Page 201
13.12 WATER QUALITY......Page 202
13.13 FERTILIZATION FREQUENCY AND AMOUNT......Page 203
REFERENCES......Page 204
14.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 209
14.2 SPAWNING PHASE......Page 210
14.3 NURSERY PHASE......Page 212
14.4 PRESEASON POND MANAGEMENT AND SELECTION......Page 214
14.5 ORGANIC FERTILIZERS......Page 215
14.6 INORGANIC FERTILIZERS......Page 217
14.7 ZOOPLANKTON......Page 219
14.8 MONITORING AND MANAGING ZOOPLANKTON DENSITIES......Page 220
14.9 TIMING OF FILLING PONDS......Page 221
14.10.1 Clam Shrimp and Fairy Shrimp......Page 222
14.11 SUMMARY......Page 223
REFERENCES......Page 224
15.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 229
15.3 FOOD HABITS OF COMMON BAITFISH SPECIES......Page 230
15.3.1 Larval Fish......Page 232
15.4 FERTILIZATION PRACTICES......Page 233
15.5 SOURCE WATERS AND SOILS......Page 237
15.7 SUMMARY......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
16.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 247
16.3.1 The Inorganic Fertilizers......Page 249
16.3.2 Organic Manures......Page 251
16.3.3 Fertilizer Dose and Frequency of Fertilization......Page 252
16.6 CONCLUSIONS......Page 253
REFERENCES......Page 254
17.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 257
17.2.1 Build it Right......Page 258
17.2.3 Fish it Right......Page 260
17.3.1 Bottom-up Effects on Production......Page 262
17.3.2 Determining if Fertilization is Appropriate......Page 263
17.4.1 Determining Fertilizer Requirement......Page 264
17.4.3 Applying Fertilizer......Page 265
17.4.4 Troubleshooting Problems with Fertilization......Page 267
REFERENCES......Page 268
18.2 MARINE FINFISH LARVICULTURE SYSTEMS......Page 271
18.3 ZOOPLANKTON COMPOSITION AND DYNAMICS OF SEMI-INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE CULTURE SYSTEMS......Page 272
18.4 ADDITIONAL FOOD SOURCES OF MARINE NURSERY PONDS......Page 275
18.5 THE ROLE OF FERTILIZATION IN ESTABLISHING A FORAGE BASE IN MARINE NURSERY PONDS......Page 276
18.6 FERTILIZATION PROTOCOLS FOR MARINE NURSERY PONDS......Page 277
18.7 FERTILIZATION OF MARINE NURSERY PONDS IN ASIA......Page 280
18.8 SUMMARY......Page 283
REFERENCES......Page 284
Index......Page 289
Supplemental Images......Page 311