Aquaculture Engineering

Aquaculture Engineering......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 13
1.2 Classification of aquaculture......Page 15
1.3.1 Land-based hatchery and juvenile production farm......Page 16
1.3.2 On-growing sea cage farm......Page 18
References......Page 20
2.2.1 Pipes......Page 21
2.2.2 Valves......Page 24
2.2.4 Pipe connections – jointing......Page 26
2.2.5 Mooring of pipes......Page 27
2.2.6 Ditches for pipes......Page 28
2.3.1 Water .ow......Page 29
2.3.2 Head loss in pipelines......Page 30
2.4 Pumps......Page 32
2.4.1 Types of pump......Page 33
2.4.2 Some de.nitions......Page 35
2.4.3 Pumping of water requires energy......Page 36
2.4.4 Centrifugal and propeller pumps......Page 37
2.4.5 Pump performance curves and working point for centrifugal pumps......Page 39
2.4.6 Change of water .ow or pressure......Page 41
2.4.7 Regulation of .ow from selected pumps......Page 43
References......Page 45
3.2 Inlet water......Page 46
3.3 Outlet water......Page 47
3.4 Water treatment......Page 49
References......Page 50
4.2 De.nitions......Page 51
4.4 pH of different water sources......Page 52
4.6.1 Lime......Page 53
4.6.3 Lye or hydroxides......Page 55
References......Page 56
5.1 Introduction......Page 58
5.3.1 Mechanical .lters and micro screens......Page 59
5.3.2 Depth .ltration – granular medium .lters......Page 63
5.3.3 Settling or gravity .lters......Page 66
5.3.4 Integrated treatment systems......Page 69
5.5 Puri.cation ef.ciency......Page 70
5.7 Sludge production and utilization......Page 71
5.8 Local ecological solutions......Page 74
References......Page 75
6.1 Introduction......Page 77
6.2.3 Watson’s law......Page 78
6.3.3 Design......Page 79
6.3.4 Design speci.cation......Page 81
6.4.2 Mode of action......Page 82
6.4.4 Ozone dose......Page 84
6.4.6 Measuring ozone content......Page 85
6.5.2 Heat treatment......Page 86
6.5.5 Natural methods: ground .ltration or constructed wetland......Page 87
References......Page 88
7.2 Heating requires energy......Page 89
7.3 Methods for heating water......Page 90
7.4.1 Immersion heaters......Page 91
7.5.1 Why use heat exchangers?......Page 93
7.5.3 Factors affecting heat transfer......Page 94
7.5.4 Important parameters when calculating the size of heat exchangers......Page 95
7.5.5 Types of heat exchanger......Page 97
7.5.6 Flow pattern in heat exchangers......Page 99
7.5.8 Fouling......Page 100
7.6.2 Construction and function of a heat pump......Page 101
7.6.4 Coef.cient of performance......Page 103
7.6.5 Installations of heat pumps......Page 104
7.7 Composite heating systems......Page 105
7.8 Chilling of water......Page 108
References......Page 109
8.2 Gases in water......Page 111
8.3.1 Equilibrium......Page 113
8.3.2 Gas transfer......Page 114
8.4.1 Basic principles......Page 115
8.4.2 Evaluation criteria......Page 116
8.4.3 Example of designs for different types of aerator......Page 117
8.5 Oxygenation of water......Page 120
8.6.3 Addition under pressure......Page 122
8.7.2 Where to install the injection system......Page 123
8.7.3 Evaluation of methods for injecting oxygen gas......Page 124
8.7.4 Examples of oxygen injection system designs......Page 125
8.9.1 Oxygen gas......Page 129
8.9.2 Liquid oxygen......Page 130
8.9.3 On-site oxygen production......Page 131
8.9.4 Selection of source......Page 133
References......Page 134
9.3 Nitri.cation......Page 135
9.4.1 Flow-through system......Page 137
9.4.3 Rotating biofilter (biodrum)......Page 139
9.4.4 Fluid bed/active sludge......Page 140
9.5 Management of biological filters......Page 141
9.7 Denitri.cation......Page 142
9.8.2 Construction......Page 143
References......Page 144
10.2.1 Advantages......Page 147
10.3.1 Degree of re-use......Page 148
10.4.1 Mass .ow in the system......Page 150
10.4.2 Water requirements of the system......Page 151
10.4.3 Connection between outlet concentration, degree of re-use and effectiveness of the water treatment system......Page 152
10.5 Components in a re-use system......Page 153
10.6 Design of a re-use system......Page 155
References......Page 157
11.2.1 Intensive/extensive......Page 158
11.2.3 Land based/tidal based/sea based......Page 161
11.2.4 Other......Page 162
11.3 Possibilities for controlling environmental impact......Page 163
12.1 Introduction......Page 164
12.2.1 The incubator......Page 165
12.2.3 Water outlet......Page 166
12.3.1 Systems where the eggs lie in the same unit from spawning to fry ready for starting feeding......Page 167
12.3.2 Systems where the eggs must be removed before hatching......Page 169
References......Page 171
13.2 Types of closed production units......Page 172
13.3 How much water should be supplied?......Page 174
13.4 Water exchange rate......Page 175
13.6 Tank design......Page 176
13.7 Flow pattern and self-cleaning......Page 179
13.8 Water inlet design......Page 181
13.9 Water outlet or drain......Page 183
13.10 Dual drain......Page 185
References......Page 186
14.3 Different production ponds......Page 188
14.4.1 Construction principles......Page 190
14.4.2 Drainable or non-drainable......Page 191
14.6 Site selection......Page 192
14.8 The inlet......Page 193
14.9 The outlet – drainage......Page 194
References......Page 196
15.1 Introduction......Page 197
15.2 Site selection......Page 198
15.3.1 Waves......Page 199
15.3.3 Current......Page 205
15.4 Construction of sea cages......Page 207
15.4.1 Cage collar or framework......Page 208
15.4.3 Net bags......Page 209
15.4.5 Examples of cage constructions......Page 211
15.5.1 Design of the mooring system......Page 212
15.5.2 Description of the single components in a pre-stressed mooring system......Page 215
15.6 Calculation of forces on a sea cage farm......Page 218
15.6.1 Types of force......Page 219
15.6.2 Calculation of current forces......Page 220
15.7.1 Mooring analysis......Page 224
15.7.2 Calculation of sizes for mooring lines......Page 225
References......Page 227
16.1.4 Feeding system requirements......Page 229
16.2.2 Feed dispensers......Page 230
16.2.3 Demand feeders......Page 231
16.2.4 Automatic feeders......Page 232
16.2.5 Feeding systems......Page 236
16.4 Feed control systems......Page 238
References......Page 239
17.2.1 Why move the .sh?......Page 241
17.2.2 Why size grade?......Page 242
17.3 Negative effects of handling the fish......Page 246
17.4.1 Moving fish with a supply of external energy......Page 247
17.4.2 Methods for moving of fish without the need for external energy......Page 257
17.5.1 Equipment for grading that requires an energy supply......Page 259
17.5.2 Methods for voluntary grading (self grading)......Page 267
References......Page 268
18.2 Preparation for transport......Page 270
18.3.2 The tank......Page 271
18.3.3 Supply of oxygen......Page 272
18.3.6 Instrumentation and stopping procedures......Page 273
18.4.1 Well boats......Page 274
18.4.4 Instrumentation......Page 275
18.5 Air transport......Page 276
18.7 Cleaning and re-use of water......Page 277
References......Page 278
19.1 Introduction......Page 280
19.3 Instruments for measuring water quality......Page 281
19.3.2 Measuring oxygen content of the water......Page 282
19.3.5 Measuring total gas pressure and nitrogen saturation......Page 283
19.3.6 Other......Page 284
19.4.1 Measuring the water flow......Page 285
19.4.2 Measuring water pressure......Page 287
19.4.3 Measuring water level......Page 288
19.5.1 Counting fish......Page 289
19.5.2 Measuring .sh size and total .sh biomass......Page 291
19.6 Monitoring systems......Page 294
19.6.2 Monitoring centre......Page 295
19.6.3 Warning equipment......Page 296
References......Page 297
20.2.2 Shape......Page 298
20.3 Load-carrying systems......Page 299
20.4 Materials......Page 301
20.6 Insulated or not?......Page 302
20.8.1 Floors......Page 303
20.8.2 Walls......Page 304
20.9 Ventilation and climatization......Page 305
References......Page 307
21.2.2 Water intake and transfer......Page 308
21.2.3 Water treatment department......Page 318
21.2.4 Production rooms......Page 320
21.2.6 Disinfection barrier......Page 324
21.2.9 Important equipment......Page 325
21.3.3 The cages and the fixed equipment......Page 328
21.3.5 Net handling......Page 331
21.3.6 Boat......Page 333
References......Page 334
22.2 The planning process......Page 335
22.4 Production plan......Page 336
22.5 Room programme......Page 338
22.6 Necessary analyses......Page 339
22.10 Function test of the plant......Page 342
References......Page 343
Index......Page 344