Appropriate Technologies for Environmental Protection in the Developing World: Selected Papers from ERTEP 2007, July 17-19 2007, Ghana, Africa

Front Cover
......Page 1
Preface
......Page 6
Acknowledgements
......Page 8
Introduction......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
1 Introduction......Page 18
2 Results and Discussion......Page 20
3 Conclusion......Page 21
References......Page 22
1 Introduction......Page 24
3 Results......Page 26
4 Discussion......Page 27
5 Conclusion......Page 28
References......Page 29
1 Introduction......Page 30
2 Description of the Process......Page 31
3 Reduced Scale Simulation of the Entire Process......Page 32
5 Compressive Strength Tests......Page 35
7 Electrical Conductivity Liquid Resulting from Hydrolysis......Page 36
8 Results of Viability Study......Page 37
References......Page 38
1 Introduction......Page 40
2 Extent and Importance of Forests in Africa......Page 41
3 The Threat of Deforestation......Page 42
4 Strategies and Measures Taken Combat Deforestation......Page 43
5 Moving Forward in Reversing Deforestation......Page 45
6 Conclusion......Page 47
References......Page 48
Life Cycle Assessment of Chocolate Producedin Ghana......Page 50
1.1 Relevance of the Study......Page 51
3.1 Data Collection......Page 52
5 Results and Discussion......Page 53
6 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 55
References......Page 56
1 Introduction......Page 58
2 Objectives......Page 59
4.1 Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs)......Page 60
4.2 Traditional Bone Setters and Massage Therapists......Page 61
6 Sources of Medicinal Plants in Africa Include......Page 62
7 Accessing the Natural Medicine Market......Page 63
7.1.4 Cultivation......Page 64
10 Conclusion......Page 65
References......Page 66
Microbial Risk Assessment: Application and Stagesto Evaluate Water Quality......Page 68
1 Introduction......Page 69
3 Microbial Risk Approach......Page 70
References......Page 73
1 Introduction......Page 74
2.2 Use of Nanoparticles (I.E.: Quantum Dots) to Aid inImaging of Cancer Cells for Site-Specific Drug Delivery......Page 75
2.5 Expected Outcome, Intellectual Merit, and Broader Impactof Current Research......Page 78
2.7 Simulation of Selective Oxygen Nanotransport Device(SOND)......Page 80
3.1 The Right Tools in the Wrong Hands......Page 82
3.3 Role of United Nations for Nanotechnology Security Aroundthe World......Page 84
4 Concluding Remarks......Page 85
References......Page 86
Environment Friendly Biodiesel from Jatrophacurcas: Possibilities and Challenges......Page 90
3 Possibility of Producing Biofuel from Jatropha curcas......Page 91
4 Proposed Approach......Page 94
5 Challenges, Possibilities and Conclusion......Page 95
References......Page 96
Thermal Utilization of Solid Recovered Fuelsin Pulverized Coal Power Plants and IndustrialFurnaces as Part of an Integrated WasteManagement Concept......Page 98
1 Introduction......Page 99
2 Waste-to-Energy a Better Option......Page 100
2.1 Environmental Benefits......Page 101
3.2 Thermo-Gravimetric Investigation......Page 103
4 Results......Page 104
References......Page 105
1 Introduction......Page 108
2 Significance of the Work......Page 109
4 Prospect of Biogas Technology......Page 110
6 Apparatus......Page 111
7 Procedure......Page 112
8 Analysis and Discussion......Page 113
References......Page 114
West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) Project:Associated Problems and Possible Remedies......Page 116
1 Introduction......Page 117
2.2 Dissolution of Component......Page 121
2.4 Climate Change......Page 122
2.5 Flammability......Page 123
3.2 Development of Predictive Model on Natural Gas FlowPattern in Waterbody......Page 124
References......Page 125
1 Introduction......Page 130
3.1 Field Survey......Page 132
4 Conclusion......Page 135
References......Page 136
Impact of Feedwater Salinity on EnergyRequirements of a Small-Scale MembraneFiltration System......Page 138
1 Introduction......Page 139
2.1 Power Generation and Electronics......Page 140
2.3 Membranes......Page 141
3 Results......Page 143
4 Discussion......Page 147
References......Page 151
Modern Technology for Wastewater Treatmentand Its Application in Africa......Page 154
1 Introduction......Page 155
1.1.3 Oxygen-Depleting Substances......Page 156
1.3 Sources of Water Pollution in Egypt......Page 157
1.3.2 Municipal Wastewater......Page 158
1.4.2 On-site Treatment Combined with CP Application......Page 159
2.1.3 The Bioreactor and ADA......Page 160
2.1.6 The Process of the Preseco Landfill Technologies......Page 161
3.1.1 Process of Wastewater Treatment......Page 162
3.1.3 Sludge Handling......Page 163
4 Conclusion......Page 164
References......Page 165
1 Introduction......Page 166
2.1 Principle of Ultrafiltration (UF)......Page 167
2.2 Ultrafiltration Applications......Page 169
2.3 Retention of Pathogens (Viruses and Bacteria)......Page 170
3.1 Existing Ultrafiltration Systems......Page 176
3.2 Performance of Membranes in Terms of Productivityand Energy Consumption......Page 177
3.3 Comparison of Specific Energy ConsumptionWith Desalination Systems......Page 179
4 Conclusions......Page 180
References......Page 181
Groundwater Pollution in Shallow Wellsin Southern Malawi and a PotentialIndigenous Method of Water Purification......Page 184
1 Introduction......Page 185
2.2 Results and Discussion......Page 186
3.1 Plant Extracts......Page 191
4 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 192
References......Page 193
Photoelectrocatalytic Removal of Color fromWater Using TiO2 and TiO2/Cu2O Thin FilmElectrodes Under Low Light Intensity......Page 196
1 Introduction......Page 197
2.3 Measurement of Photoelectrochemical Response......Page 198
2.4 Photo catalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis Experiments......Page 199
3.2 Photo Response......Page 200
3.3 Photo Catalysis and Photoelectrocatalysiswith TiO2 Thin Film......Page 202
3.4 Effect of pH on Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation Rate......Page 204
3.5 Effect of Applied Potential......Page 207
3.6 TiO2/Cu2O Composite Electrode System......Page 209
References......Page 210
1 Introduction......Page 214
2 Materials and Methods......Page 215
3 Results and Discussions......Page 216
References......Page 219
A Multi-disciplinary Approach to ReclamationResearch in the Oil Sands Region of Canada......Page 220
2.1 Study Site......Page 221
2.2 Instrumentation and Testing......Page 222
3.2 In-Situ Hydraulic Conductivity......Page 223
3.3 Hydrometric Data......Page 224
3.4 Chemistry and Isotopes......Page 226
3.5 Salt Ingress......Page 227
4 Summary and Conclusions......Page 228
References......Page 229
1 Introduction......Page 232
2.2 Dump Truck-Road Dynamics......Page 234
2.3 Truck Vision and Collision Avoidance Research......Page 236
3.3 Virtual HISLO Simulators......Page 237
4.2 Sensor Integration and Calibration......Page 239
4.6 Filtering Vibration Noises......Page 240
6 Conclusions......Page 241
References......Page 242
1 Introduction......Page 244
3 Neutralization Testing Results......Page 246
4 RLR Analysis......Page 247
References......Page 249
Quantification of the Impact of Irrigating withCoalmine Waters on the Underlying Aquifers......Page 250
1.2 The Mpumalanga Coalfields and Associated Mine Water......Page 251
1.3 Water Quality Impacts......Page 252
2.1 Kleinkopje......Page 253
2.1.1 Results of Groundwater Monitoring......Page 255
3 Quantification of the Salt......Page 257
4 Conclusion......Page 259
References......Page 260
1 Introduction......Page 262
3 A Case Study of Coal Fly Ash Applicationin Reactive Mine Tailings......Page 264
3.2 Results and Discussion......Page 265
4 Feasibility Assessment......Page 268
References......Page 269
Consolidation and Strength Characteristicsof Biofilm Amended Barrier Soils......Page 272
1 Introduction......Page 273
2 Background......Page 274
3 Materials and Methods......Page 275
4.1 Consolidation......Page 277
4.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength......Page 281
5 Significance of Biofilm in Waste Containment Systems......Page 282
6 Conclusions......Page 283
References......Page 284
Bagasse Ash Stabilization of Lateritic Soil......Page 286
2 Justification for the Study......Page 287
3.1 Materials......Page 288
3.2 Methods of Testing......Page 289
4.1 Index Properties of Natural Soil......Page 290
4.2 Compaction Characteristics......Page 291
4.4 California Bearing Ratio......Page 292
5 Conclusion and Recommendations......Page 293
References......Page 294
1 Introduction......Page 296
2 Experimentation......Page 298
4 Mix Design and Flowable Fill......Page 299
5 Strength Tests and their Protocols......Page 301
6 Leaching Tests and Protocols......Page 302
7 Analysis and Discussion of Results......Page 303
8 Effects of Ash Substitution on Contaminant LeachabilityIndex......Page 304
9 Conclusions......Page 306
References......Page 308
1 Introduction......Page 312
2 Geoelectrical Resistivity Surveys......Page 314
2.2 Geoelectrical Resistivity Imaging (2D and 3D) Surveys......Page 315
2.3 Arrays Used in 2D and 3D Geoelectrical Resistivity Surveys......Page 317
3 Conclusions......Page 318
References......Page 319
Nitrogen Management for Maximum PotatoYield, Tuber Quality, and EnvironmentalConservation......Page 322
1 Introduction......Page 323
CASE 1: Effect of N Rate on Yield and Agronomic NUEof a Red Cultivar – Sangre......Page 324
CASE 2: Effect of Pre-plant N Application Rate on Yieldand Agronomic NUE of Cultivar Canela Russet......Page 325
2 General Discussion......Page 328
References......Page 329
In Vitro Analysis of Enhanced PhenanthreneEmulsification and Biodegradation UsingRhamnolipid Biosurfactants and Acinetobactercalcoaceticus......Page 332
2 Materials and Methods......Page 333
3 Results......Page 335
References......Page 337
Digital Elevation Models and GISfor Watershed Modelling and FloodPrediction – A Case Study of Accra Ghana......Page 340
1.1 The Study Area......Page 341
2.2 DEM Development......Page 342
3.1 Watershed Delineation and Stream Network Generation......Page 343
4.2 Flood Contour Derivation......Page 344
4.3 Concept Validation and Data Cleaning......Page 345
5 Results and Analysis of Flood and Map Derivatives......Page 346
References......Page 347
Trace Metal Pollution Study on Cassava Flour’sRoadside Drying Technique in Nigeria......Page 348
1 Introduction......Page 349
2.1 Sample Collection and Preparation......Page 350
2.2 Digestion......Page 351
3 Results and Discussion......Page 352
5 Recommendation......Page 353
References......Page 354
Impact of Industrial Activitieson the Physico-chemistry and Mycofloraof the New Calabar River in Nigeria......Page 356
2.1 Description of Sampling Stations and Collection of WaterSamples......Page 357
3 Results......Page 358
4 Discussion......Page 359
References......Page 361
1 Introduction......Page 364
2 Plants as Biosensors for Monitoring the Acid Rain......Page 366
3 Electrical Signals Induced by Pesticides......Page 368
4 Insect-Induced Electrochemical Signals in Potato Plants......Page 369
References......Page 370
Index......Page 372