Applying the Rasch Model: Fundamental Measurement in the Human Sciences, 4th Edition

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of contents
Figures
Tables
About the Authors
Foreword
Preface
Notes on This Volume
Acknowledgments
1 Why Measurement Is Fundamental
	Children Can Construct Measures
	Interval Scales v. Ratio Scales: A Conceptual Explanation
	Statistics and/or Measurement
	Why Fundamental Measurement?
	Derived Measures
	Conjoint Measurement
	The Rasch Model for Measurement
	A More Suitable Analogy for Measurement in the Human Sciences
	In Conclusion
	Summary
	Note
	Suggested Readings
	References
2 Important Principles of Measurement Made Explicit
	An Example: “By How Much?”
	Moving from Observations to Measures
	Summary
	Notes
	Suggested Readings
	References
3 Basic Principles of the Rasch Model
	The Pathway Analogy
		Unidimensionality
		Item Fit
		Difficulty/Ability Estimation and Error
		Reliability
	A Basic Framework for Measurement
		Fit (Quality Control)
	The Rasch Model
	Summary
	References
4 Building a Set of Items for Measurement
	The Nature of the Data
	Analyzing Dichotomous Data: The BLOT
	A Simple Rasch Summary: The Item Pathway
	Item Statistics
	Item Fit
	The Wright Map
	Targeting
	Comparing Persons and Items
	Summary
	Extended Understanding
	The Problem of Guessing
	Difficulty, Ability, and Fit
	The Theory–Practice Dialog
	Summary
	References
5 Invariance: A Crucial Property of Scientific Measurement
	Person and Item Invariance
	Common-Item Linking
	Please Keep in Mind
	Anchoring Item Values
	Vertical Scaling
	Common-Person Linking
	Invariance of Person Estimates across Tests: Concurrent Validity
	The PRTIII-Pendulum
	Common-Person Linking: BLOT & PRTIII
	The Theory–Practice Dialog
	Measurement Invariance: Where It Really Matters
	Failures of Invariance: DIF
	Differential Rater Functioning
	DIF: Not Just a Problem, but an Opportunity
	Summary
	References
6 Measurement Using Likert Scales
	The Rasch Model for Polytomous Data
	Analyzing Rating Scale Data: The Instrumental Attitude toward Self-Assessment Questionnaire
		Item Ordering
		Targeting and Reliability
	Summary
	Extended Understanding
		Item Polarity
		Empirical Item–Category Measures
		Category Function
		Dimensionality Map
		Item Misfit Table
		Construct KeyMap
		Person Misfit Table
		Separation Table
	Summary
	Notes
	References
7 The Partial Credit Rasch Model
	Clinical Interview Analysis: A Rasch-Inspired Breakthrough
	Scoring Interview Transcripts
		Ordered Performance Criteria for 18 Aspects of the Pendulum Interview Task
	Partial Credit Model Results
	Interpretation
	The Theory–Practice Dialog
	Unidimensionality
	Summary
		ARMsteps
	Extended Understanding
		Category Functioning
	Point–Measure Correlations
	Fit Statistics
	Dimensionality: Primary Components Factor Analysis of the Rasch Residuals
	Summary
	Note
	References
8 Measuring Facets Beyond Ability and Difficulty
	A Basic Introduction to the Many-Facets Rasch Model
	Why Not Use Interrater Reliability?
	Relations among the Rasch Family of Models
	Data Specifications of the Many-Facets Rasch Model
	Rating Creativity of Junior Scientists
	Many-Facets Analysis of Eighth-Grade Writing
	Summary
	Extended Understanding
		Invariance of Rated Creativity Scores
	Rasch Measurement of Facets Beyond Rater Effects
	Summary
	References
9 Making Measures, Setting Standards, and Rasch Regression
	Creating a Measure from Existing Data: The RMPFS (Zi Yan, EdUHK)
	Method: Data
	Physical Fitness Indicators
	Data Analysis
	Seven Criteria to Investigate the Quality of Physical Fitness Indicators
	Results and Discussion
		Consideration of BMI
		Consideration of Sit-and-Reach
		Consideration of Handgrip
		Consideration of Push-Ups
	Optimising Response Categories
	Influence of Underfitting Persons on the RMPFS
	Properties of the RMPFS with Subsamples
	Age Dependent or Age Related?
	The Final Version of RMPFS
	Objective Standard Setting: The OSS Model (Gregory Stone, U Toledo)
	Early Definitions
	The Objective Standard Setting Models
	Objective Standard Setting for Dichotomous Examinations
	Objective Standard Setting for Judge-Mediated Examinations
	Fair Standards, Not Absolute Values
	Rasch Regression (Svetlana Beltyukova, U Toledo)
	Predicting Physician Assistant Faculty Intention to Leave Academia
	Rasch Regression Using the Anchored Formulation
	Rasch Regression: Alternative Approaches
	Discussion
	Summary
	References
10 The Rasch Model Applied across the Human Sciences
	Rasch Measurement in Health Sciences
		Establishing Rasch Psychometric Properties: The A-ONE J
		More Than Mere Psychometric Indicators: The PAM
		Refining an Existing Instrument: The POSAS
	Optimising an Existing Instrument: The NIHSS and a Central Role for PCA
	Creating a Short Form of an Existing Instrument: The FSQ
	FSQ-SF
	Theory Guides Assessment Revisions: The PEP–S8
	Applications in Education and Psychology
		Test Development
			The Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test: One Drawing Is Good Enough
	Rasch Measures as Grist for the Analytical Mill
	Rasch Gain Calculations: Racking and Stacking
	Rasch Learning Gain Calculations: The CCI
	Racking and Stacking
	Stacking Can Be Enough: UPAM
	Sub-Test Structure Informs Scoring Models
	Applications to Classroom Testing
	Can Rasch Measurement Help S.S. Stevens?
	Using Rasch Measures with Path Analysis (SEM Framework)
	Rasch Person Measures Used in a Partial Least Squares (PLS) Framework
	And Those Rasch Measurement SEs?
	Can We Really Combine SEM and Rasch Models?
	Conclusion
	Summary
	References
11 Rasch Modeling Applied
Rating Scale Design
	Rating Scale Design
	Category Frequencies and Average Measures
	Thresholds and Category Fit
	Revising a Rating Scale
	An Example
	Guidelines for Collapsing Categories
	Problems with Negatively Worded Items
	The Invariance of the Measures across Groups
	Summary
	Suggested Readings
	References
12 Rasch Model Requirements
Model Fit and Unidimensionality
	Model Fit and Unidimensionality
	The Data, the Model, and the Residuals
	Residuals
	Fit Statistics
	Expectations of Variation
	Fit, Misfit, and Interpretation
	Fit: Issues for Resolution
	Misfit: A Fundamental Issue
		In the Interim
		Detecting Multiple Dimensions
		Linear Factor Analysis: Problems and Promise
		Rasch Factor Analysis (PCA)
	Principal Components Analysis of Rasch Residuals: The BLOT as an Exemplar
	One Dimension, Two Dimensions, Three Dimensions, More?
	Extended Understanding
	A Further Investigation: BLOT and PRTIII
	Summary
	References
13 A Synthetic Overview
	Additive Conjoint Measurement (ACM)
	True Score Theory, Latent Traits, and Item Response Theory
	Would You Like an Interval Scale with That?
	Model Assumptions and Measurement Requirements
	Construct Validity
	The Rasch Model and Progress of Science
	Back to the Beginning and Back to the End
	Summary
	Note
	References
Appendix A
	Getting Started
	Data Input
	Software
	First Analysis
		Output
	What to Look For
	Where to Look
	The Wright Map
	The Item Statistics Table
	Case Statistics Table
	Next Steps
	The Pathway Map
	Interpretation
	Extended Understanding
	Working with Excel and SPSS Data Files
	Further Analyses
	Next Steps
	The Classic Reference Texts
		Journal of Applied Measurement
	www.rasch.org
	Start Reading Rasch Research and Methods for Free
	Computer Software for Rasch Measurement
	eRm: Extended Rasch Modeling
Appendix B: Technical Aspects of the Rasch Model
	Rasch Family of Models
		Dichotomous Model
		Parameter Separation
		Rating-Scale Model
		Partial Credit Model
		Many-Facets Rasch Model
	Rasch Model Assessment
		Reliability Indices
		Test Information
		Fit Statistics
Appendix C: Going All the Way
	Absence of Evidence Is Not Evidence for Absence
	What Are the Weaknesses of Residual-Based Statistics?
	Testing the Requirement of Equal Item Slopes: Global Model Tests and Model Fit Comparisons
	Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis to Test the Equality of Item Slopes
	Using Test Analysis Modules (TAM) to Test the Equality of Item Slopes
	Using the Andersen Likelihood Ratio Test and the Rasch Graphical Model Check to Test the Equality of Item Slopes
	Testing Dimensionality Using Structural Equation Modeling
	Conclusion
	Note
	References
	Glossary
Author Index
Subject Index