Applied Thermodynamics, 3rd Edition

Preface to the Third Edition......Page 6
Preface to the First Edition......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
1.2 Dimensions and Units......Page 18
1.3 Concept of Continuum......Page 20
1.4 Systems, Surroundings and Universe......Page 21
1.6 Thermodynamic Path, Process and Cycle......Page 22
1.7 Thermodynamic Equilibrium......Page 23
1.9 Quasi-Static Process......Page 24
1.10 Some Thermodynamic Properties......Page 25
1.11 Energy and Its Forms......Page 28
1.12 Heat and Work......Page 30
1.14 Ideal Gas......Page 31
1.15 Dalton's Law, Amagat's Law and Property of Mixture of Gases......Page 32
1.16 Real Gas......Page 34
1.17 Vander Waals and Other Equations of State for Real Gas......Page 37
Examples......Page 39
Exercises......Page 55
2.2 Priniciple of Temperature Measurement and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page 57
2.3 Temperature Scales......Page 59
2.4 Temperature Measurement......Page 60
Examples......Page 63
Exercise......Page 66
3.2 Thermodynamic Processes and Calculation of Work......Page 67
3.3 Non-Flow Work and Flow Work......Page 74
3.4 First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 76
3.5 Internal Energy and Enthalpy......Page 79
3.6 Specific Heats and Their Relation with Internal Energy and Enthalpy......Page 80
3.7 First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to Open Systems......Page 81
3.8 Steady Flow Systems and Their Analysis......Page 82
3.9 First Law Applied to Engineering Systems......Page 85
3.10 Unsteady Flow Systems and Their Analysis......Page 90
3.11 Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 92
Examples......Page 93
Exercise......Page 111
4.3 Heat Engine......Page 114
4.4 Heat Pump and Refrigerator......Page 116
4.5 Statements for IInd Law of Law of Thermodynamics......Page 117
4.6 Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements of IInd Law of Thermodynamics......Page 118
4.7 Reversible and Irreversible Processes......Page 120
4.8 Carnot Cycle and Carnot Engine......Page 122
4.9 Carnot Theorem and Its Corollaries......Page 125
4.10 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale......Page 126
Examples......Page 130
Exercise......Page 145
5.2 Clausius Inequality......Page 148
5.3 Entropy-A Property of System......Page 151
5.4 Principle of Entropy Increase......Page 155
5.5 Entropy Change During Different Thermodynamic Processes......Page 157
5.7 Thermodynamic Property Relationship......Page 161
Examples......Page 163
Exercise......Page 178
6.2 Properties and Important Definitions......Page 181
6.3 Phase Transformation Process......Page 183
6.4 Graphical Representation of Pressure, Volume and Temperature......Page 184
6.5 Thermodynamic Relations Involving Entropy......Page 187
6.6 Properties of Steam......Page 189
6.7 Steam Tables and Mollier Diagram......Page 192
6.8 Dryness Fraction Measurement......Page 194
Examples......Page 198
Exercise......Page 216
7.1 Introduction......Page 219
7.2 Availability Or Exergy......Page 220
7.3 Availability Associated with Heat and Work......Page 224
7.4 Effectiveness Or Second Law Efficiency......Page 227
7.5 Second Law Analysis of Steady Flow Systems......Page 228
7.6 General Thermodynamic Relations......Page 230
Examples......Page 247
Exercise......Page 265
8.2 Performance Parameters......Page 267
8.3 Carnot Vapour Power Cycle......Page 268
8.4 Rankine Cycle......Page 270
8.5 Desired Thermodynamic Properties of Working Fluid......Page 272
8.6 Parametric Analysis for Performance Improvement in Rankine Cycle......Page 273
8.7 Reheat Cycle......Page 275
8.8 Regenerative Cycle......Page 277
8.9 Binary Vapour Cycle......Page 285
8.10 Combined Cycle......Page 287
8.11 Combined Heat and Power......Page 289
8.12 Different Steam Turbine Arrangement......Page 290
Examples......Page 292
Exercise......Page 344
9.2 Air-Standard Cycle......Page 347
9.3 Brayton Cycle......Page 357
9.4 Regernerative Gas Turbine Cycle......Page 362
9.5 Reheat Gas Turbine Cycle......Page 364
9.6 Gas Turbine Cycle with Intercooling......Page 368
9.7 Gas Turbine Cycle with Reheat and Regeneration......Page 370
9.8 Gas Turbine Cycle with Reheat and Intercooling......Page 371
9.10 Gas Turbine Irreversibilities and Losses......Page 372
9.11 Compressor and Turbine Efficiency......Page 375
9.12 Ericsson Cycle......Page 379
9.13 Stirling Cycle......Page 381
Examples......Page 382
Exercise......Page 413
10.1 Introduction......Page 416
10.2 Types of Fulels......Page 418
10.4 Bomb Calorimeter......Page 419
10.6 Combustion of Fuel......Page 421
10.7 Combustion Analysis......Page 424
10.8 Determination of Air Reguirement......Page 426
10.9 Flue Gas Analysis......Page 428
Examples......Page 430
Exercise......Page 451
11.1 Introduction......Page 453
11.2 Types of Boilers......Page 454
11.4 Fire Tube and Water Tube Boilers......Page 455
11.5 Simple Vertical Boiler......Page 459
11.6 Cochran Boiler......Page 460
11.7 Lancashire Boiler......Page 461
11.9 Locomotive Boilers......Page 463
11.11 Babcock and Wilcox Boiler......Page 465
11.12 Stirling Boiler......Page 466
11.13 High Pressure Boiler......Page 467
11.14 Benson Boiler......Page 468
11.16 Velox Boiler......Page 469
11.17 La Mont Boiler......Page 470
11.18 Fluidized Bed Boiler......Page 471
11.19 Waste Heat Boiler......Page 473
11.20 Boiler Mountings and Accessories......Page 476
11.22 Natural Draught......Page 484
11.23 Artificial Draught......Page 491
11.24 Equivalent Evaporation......Page 494
11.26 Heat Balance on Boiler......Page 495
Examples......Page 498
Exercise......Page 519
12.2 Classification of Steam Engines......Page 523
12.3 Working of Steam Engine......Page 525
12.4 Thermodynamic Cycle......Page 532
12.5 Indicator Diagram......Page 535
12.6 Saturation Curve and Missing Quantity......Page 536
12.7 Heat Balance and Other Performance Parameters......Page 538
12.8 Governing of Simple Steam Engines......Page 542
12.10 Methods of Compunding......Page 544
12.11 Indicator Diagram for Compound Steam Engine......Page 547
12.12 Calculations for Compound Steam Engines......Page 548
12.13 Governing of Compound Steam Engine......Page 550
12.14 Unflow Engine......Page 552
Examples......Page 553
Exercise......Page 578
13.1 Introduction......Page 581
13.2 One Dimensional Steady Flow in Nozzles......Page 582
13.3 Choked Flow......Page 593
13.4 Off Design Operation of Nozzle......Page 594
13.5 Effect of Friction on Nozzle......Page 597
13.6 Supersaturation Phenomenon in Steam Nozzles......Page 599
Examples......Page 601
Exercises......Page 625
14.1 Introduction......Page 628
14.2 Working of Steam Turbine......Page 629
14.3 Classification of Steam Turbines......Page 631
14.4 Impluse Turbine......Page 636
14.5 Velocity Diagram and Calculations for Impulse Turbines......Page 640
14.6 Impulse Turbine Blade Height......Page 649
14.7 Calculations for Compunded Impulse Turbine......Page 651
14.8 Reaction Turbines......Page 654
14.9 Losses in Steam Turbines......Page 661
14.10 Reheat Factor......Page 663
14.11 Steam Turbine Control......Page 666
14.12 Governing of Steam Turbines......Page 667
14.14 Difference Between Impuluse and Reaction Turbines......Page 671
Examples......Page 672
Exercise......Page 697
15.1 Introduction......Page 701
15.2 Classification......Page 702
15.3 Air Leakage......Page 708
15.4 Condenser Performance Measurement......Page 709
15.5 Cooling Tower......Page 710
Examples......Page 712
Exercise......Page 721
16.1 Introduction......Page 723
16.2 Reciprocating Compressors......Page 725
16.3 Thermodynamic Analysis......Page 726
16.4 Actual Indicator Diagram......Page 732
16.5 Multistage Compression......Page 733
16.7 Reciprocating Air Motor......Page 739
16.8 Rotary Comrpessors......Page 740
16.9 Centrifugal Compressors......Page 745
16.10 Axial Flow Compressors
......Page 749
16.11 Surging and Choking......Page 750
16.12 Stalling......Page 752
16.13 Centrifugal Compressor Characteristics......Page 753
16.14 Axial Flow Compressor Characterisitcs......Page 756
16.15 Comparative Study of Compressors......Page 757
Examples......Page 759
Exercise......Page 784
17.1 Introduction......Page 787
17.2 Classification of IC Engines......Page 788
17.3 IC Engine Terminology......Page 789
17.4 4-Stroke SI Engine......Page 790
17.6 4-Storke CI Engine......Page 793
17.7 2-Stroke CI Engine......Page 794
17.8 Thermodynamic Cycles in IC Engines......Page 795
17.9 Indicator Diagram and Power Measurement......Page 797
17.10 Combustion in SI Engine......Page 800
17.11 Combustion in CI Engines......Page 802
17.12 IC Engine Fuels......Page 803
17.13 Morse Test......Page 804
17.14 Comparative Study of IC Engines......Page 805
Examples......Page 807
Exercise......Page 819
18.1 Introduction......Page 822
18.2 Performance Parameter......Page 824
18.4 Carnot Refrigeration Cycle......Page 825
18.5 Air Refrigeration Cycles......Page 826
18.6 Vapour Compression Cycles......Page 830
18.7 Multistage Vapour Compression Cycle......Page 836
18.8 Absorption Refrigeration Cycle......Page 837
18.9 Modified Absorption Refrigeration Cycle......Page 839
18.10 Heat Pump Systems......Page 840
18.11 Referigernats......Page 841
18.13 Psychrometry......Page 844
18.14 Air Conditioning Systems......Page 852
18.15 Comparision of Various Refrigeration Methods......Page 854
Examples......Page 855
Exercise......Page 872
19.2 Principle of Jet Propulsion......Page 875
19.3 Classification of Jet Propulsion Engines......Page 877
19.4 Performance of Jet Propulsion Engines......Page 878
19.5 Turbojet Engine......Page 880
19.6 Turbofan Engine......Page 884
19.8 Turbojet Engine with Afterburner......Page 885
19.9 Ramjet Engine......Page 886
19.10 Pulse Jet Engine......Page 887
19.11 Principle of Rocket Propulsion......Page 888
19.13 Solid Propellant Rocket Engines......Page 889
Examples......Page 890
Exercise......Page 908
Multiple Answer Type Questions......Page 909
Appendix......Page 934
Index......Page 958