Applied Structural Equation Modeling using AMOS: Basic to Advanced Techniques

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling
	What Is Structural Equation Modeling?
	Basics of SEM Input: The Covariance Matrix
	Correlations Between Constructs
	Is SEM Causal Modeling?
	A Confirmatory Approach to SEM
	Theory Should Lead Conceptualization
	Assumptions of SEM
	SEM Software
	Understanding Diagram Symbols
	Independent vs. Dependent Latent Variables
	How to Measure an Unobserved Construct
	Greek Notation and SEM
2 Data Screening, Assessing Reliability, Validity, and Identification
	Data Screening
	Screening for Impermissible Values in the Data
	How Do I Assess If I Have Missing Data?
	How Do I Address Missing Data?
	Assessing Reliability
	Identification With SEM Models
	How Do I Calculate the Degrees of Freedom?
	What Do I Do if My Model Is Under-Identified?
	Sample Size: How Much Is Enough?
	Understanding the Validity of Measures
3 Understanding the AMOS Program
	Overview of the AMOS Graphics Window
	AMOS Functions Listed as Icons in Pinned Ribbon
	Tips to Using AMOS More Efficiently
	Quick Reference to AMOS Functions
4 Measurement Model Analysis
	Introduction to Confirmatory Factor Analysis
	How Is a CFA Different From an EFA?
	Interpretation of Factor Loadings
	Setting the Metric
	Model Fit and Fit Statistics
	Modification Indices
	CFA Example in AMOS
	Assessing Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Your Measures
	If I Have a Weak Factor Loading, Should I Drop It?
	How to Calculate Composite Reliability
	What If I Have a Standardized Factor Loading Greater Than 1?
	How Do I Report My CFA Results?
	Measurement Model Invariance Across Groups
	Full vs. Partial Metric Invariance
	How Do I Know Which Parameter to Free in a Partial Invariance Test?
	Common Method Bias
	What If My Test for Common Method Bias Is Significant?
	What if My Common Method Bias Test Is Non­Significant?
	What Is a Second Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis Model?
	Reflective vs. Formative Indicators
	Potential Identification Problems With Formative Indicators
	Dependent Relationships With Formative Constructs
	Higher Order Formative Construct Example
	How Do I Present the Result of My Higher Order Formative Model?
	Error Messages in AMOS
5 Path and Full Structural Models
	Path Analysis
	Can I Use a Correlation Matrix as My Data Input?
	Full Structural Model Analysis
	How Do I Report My Full Structural Model Results?
	Using Specification Search to Aid in Model Trimming and Fit
	What Are Alternative Models, and Why Should I Be Concerned With Them?
	How Do I Add a Control Variable to My Structural Model?
	Two Group Analysis
	What if I Have More Than Two Groups in My Analysis?
	When I Try to Run My Structural Analysis, I Get an Error Message About My Matrix Not Being Positive Definite
	Can I Correlate the Error Terms of Two Unobservable Constructs in a Full Structural Model?
	How Do I Present the Results of My Two Group Analysis?
	How Do I Search for Multivariate Outliers?
	How Do I Determine if My Data Is Not Normally Distributed (Non-­Normal)?
	What if I Get an Error Message in the Analysis That Says “Iteration Limit Reached”?
6 Mediation
	Introduction to Mediation
	How to Test for Mediation
	How Do I Report the Results of My Mediation Test?
	Can I Use a Correlation Matrix or Summary Data to Test Mediation in AMOS?
	What if I Have Multiple Mediators in My Model?
	How Do I Test Serial Mediation?
	Setting the Seed in Bootstrapping
7 Moderation
	Introduction to Moderation
	Probing the Interaction
	Testing Moderation in a Full Structural Model
	How Do I Present My Moderation Results?
	Mean Center vs. Z Score in Moderation Testing
	Moderation Testing With a Categorical Moderator
	Calculating Categorical Moderation via Pairwise Parameter Comparison
	Moderated Mediation With a Continuous Moderator
	How Do I Report the Results of My Moderated Mediation Test?
	Moderated Mediation With a Categorical Moderator
8 Using Categorical Independent Variables in SEM
	Binary Categorical Variables in SEM
	Mediation with Binary Categorical Independent Variables
	Multicategorical Independent Variables in SEM
	Mediation With Multicategorical Independent Variables
	Moderated Mediation With a Multicategorical Independent Variable
	How Do I Report the Results of My Multicategorical Moderated Mediation Test?
9 Latent Growth Curve Models
	Introduction to Latent Growth Curve Models
	Including Predictors Into a Latent Growth Curve Model
	How Do I Present My Latent Growth Curve Results?
	Latent Growth Curves With Nonlinear Patterns
	Latent Growth Curves Across Two Domains
10 Advanced Topics in SEM
	Using Weighted Scores in AMOS
	How to Use Bootstrapping to Account for Non­Normal Data
	Mixture Modeling
	Analyzing Censored Data
	Non­Recursive Models (Feedback Loops)
	Post­Hoc Power Analysis
	Using Specification Search to Perform Exploratory Factor Analysis
	How to Use Plugins to Create a Model Instead of Drawing a Model in AMOS
	How to Use the Program Editor to Conceptualize Your Model and Run the Analysis
Appendix: Table of Chi-Square Statistics
Index