Applied statistics in occupational safety and health

ContentsList of Figures and TablesPrefaceAbout the Author1Fundamentals of Statistics Statistics and Their Use in Safety Statistics DefinedCommon Terms and Notations Quantitative and Qualitative Data Statistical NotationsResearch Questions and HypothesesTypes of Studies  Retrospective Studies  Prospective Studies Experiments Statistical Samples versus Statistical Populations Bias Probability Sample Selection Procedures Sampling Techniques      Random Samples  Simple Random Samples Cluster Samples  Stratified Random SamplesNonprobability Sample Selection Procedures Chunk Sampling Volunteer Samples Variables Dependent and Independent VariablesChapter SummaryChapter Review Exercises2Probability and Chance Probability     Marginal Probabilities Joint Event Probabilities    Union Probabilities Conditional ProbabilitiesFactorials, Permutations, Ordered Combinations, and Combinations    Factorials Permutations  CombinationsBinomial Probabilities Poisson ProbabilityChapter SummaryChapter Review Exercises 3DistributionsStatistical Distributions and PopulationsFrequencies HistogramsFrequency PolygonsPercentages, Cumulative Percentages, and Percentiles Normal Distribution Binomial Distribution t DistributionChi-square Distribution F DistributionChapter SummaryChapter Review Exercises 4Descriptive StatisticsData Formats  Categorical Data  Ordinal Data  Interval Data  Ratio Data Strength of the Data Formats Measures of Central Tendency  Mean Median ModeMeasures of Variability Range Variance Standard Deviation Interquartile Range z Scores   z Scores and Percentages of the PopulationConfidence Intervals for Means 95% Confidence Intervals  99% Confidence Intervals Interpreting Confidence Intervals Chapter SummaryChapter Review Exercises 5Statistical Tests Statistical Hypotheses Inferential Statistical TestingType I and Type II Errors Alpha Levels Statistical Power of a Test Inferential Statistics Test Procedure Developing a Statistical Hypothesis  Choosing the Appropriate Statistical Test or Procedure Determining the Statistical Distribution Determining Significance Levels Formulating a Decision Rule  Running the Test  Formulating a Conclusion and Making a DecisionChapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 6Inferential Statistics for Meansz-Test Comparing a Sample Mean to a Known Population Mean Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction  Determine Significance Levels  Using a z Table Formulate a Decision Rule  z Test Formula  Conclusions Example z Test Problem Independent Samples z-Test Test Assumptions Independent Samples z-Test Formula  Example Independent Samples z-test Problem Hypothesis Construction Conclusions Example z Test Problem t -Test for a Single Mean  Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction  t Test Hypotheses  Determine Significance Levels Formulate a Decision Rule  t-Test Formula for a Single Mean Conclusions  Example t-Test Problem t-Test for Independent SamplesPaired Samples t-Tests   Test Assumptions  Hypothesis Construction  Determine Significance Levels  Formulate a Decision Rule  Test Formula Conclusions  Example Paired Samples t-Test Problem One-way Analysis of Variance Procedure Assumptions  Hypothesis Construction  Procedure Formulas  Hypothesis Construction Formulate a Decision Rule  Calculate F Ratio  Conclusions Post Hoc Procedures Tukey\'s HSD Calculate Tukey\'s HSD Formulate a Decision Rule  Example ANOVA Problem  Formulate a Decision Rule  Calculate F ratio  Conclusions  Run Post Hoc TestsChapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 7Correlation and RegressionCorrelation  Pearson Correlation Coefficient  Assumptions Pearson Correlation Coefficient Formula Sample Problem Significance Testing for Correlation Coefficients Test Hypotheses Test Formula Sample Problem Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient  Assumptions Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient Formula Sample Problem Phi Coefficient  Assumptions Phi Coefficient Formula Sample Problem Point Biserial Correlation  Assumptions Point Biserial Correlation Formula Sample Problem Significance Testing for Correlation CoefficientsLinear Regression  Procedure Assumptions   Linear Regression Formulas  Sample Problem Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 8Nonparametric StatisticsUnderlying Assumptions Concerning Nonparametric Statistics Chi-square Test for Goodness of Fit  Degrees of Freedom  Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction  Test Formula  Determining the Critical Value  Sample Problem c2 Test of Independence Degrees of Freedom  Expected Number of Cases  Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction  Test Formula Sample Problem Cochran\'s Q Test Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction  Cochran\'s Q Test Formula Sample Problem Cochran\'s Q Test  Test Assumptions Hypothesis Construction  Test Formula Sample Problem Chapter SummaryChapter Review Exercises 9Survey Research Types of Survey StudiesCollecting and Maintaining Survey DataOutline for Planning a SurveyConstructing the InstrumentTypes of Survey Items Forms of Questions  Unstructured Questions  Structured Questions Rating ScalesLikert Scales Semantic Differential Scales Formatting Questionnaires for the Mail Sound Survey Research Procedures  Measurable Objective  Representative Population  Match the Hypothesis to the Statistical Tests Conduct Background Research  Instrument Validity and Reliability Cover Letters and Instructions  Sampling for Surveys  Calculating Sample Sizes  Survey Research Limitations  Pilot Testing  Permission to Use Human Subjects Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 10Experimental Design Experimental Design Uses Research Hypotheses and Experimental Design Dependent and Independent Variables Types of Experimental Designs  One-way ANOVA  Completely Randomized Design  Randomized Block Design  Latin Square Design  Completely Randomized Factorial DesignChapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises 11Presenting Research Data Presentation for Safety Professionals Displaying Descriptive Statistics Displaying Tables  Column Charts  Pie ChartsPresenting Inferential Statistics  z-Tests and t-Tests Example Results from a Paired t-Test Procedure One-way Analysis of Variance  Correlation Procedures  Regression Procedures  Nonparametric Procedures Using Computer Software to Develop Presentations  Sample Data Analysis Using Microsoft Excel  Developing Presentations Using Microsoft Office Chapter Summary Chapter Review Exercises AppendixStatistical Tables  Cumulative Distribution Function for the Standard Normal Random Variable Critical Values for the t Distribution  Critical Values for the Chi-square Distribution  Critical Values for the F Distribution  Table of Random Units  Critical Values of the Studentized Range GlossaryReferences Solutions to Selected Problems Index