Applied sport psychology : personal growth to peak performance

Title......Page 1
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 13
Contributors......Page 18
1 Sport Psychology: Past, Present, Future......Page 26
History of Sport Psychology......Page 27
1965–1979: Birth of Sport Psychology and Supporting Organizations......Page 28
The 1980s: Increased Research, Professional Growth, and Acceptance......Page 30
1990–2013: Progress in Research, Application, and Professional Issues......Page 32
History of Sport Psychology in Eastern Europe......Page 35
Future Directions in North American Applied Sport Psychology......Page 36
PART ONE—LEARNING, MOTIVATION, AND SOCIAL INTERACTION......Page 42
Motor Learning Defined......Page 44
The Cognitive Phase......Page 45
The Associative Phase......Page 46
The Autonomous Phase......Page 48
Whole versus Part Practice......Page 49
Teaching Several Skills: Blocked versus Random Practice......Page 51
Teaching Several Variations of a Skill: Variable Practice......Page 53
Intervention Strategies......Page 56
Case Study......Page 58
Situation #1 Sample Response......Page 59
3 A Positive Approach to Coaching Effectiveness and Performance Enhancement......Page 65
Operant Conditioning: The ABCs of Behavior Control......Page 66
Positive and Aversive Approaches to Influencing Behavior......Page 67
Positive Reinforcement: Getting Good Things to Happen......Page 69
Performance Feedback: Providing Information Needed to Improve Performance......Page 75
4 The Motivational Climate, Athlete Motivation, and Implications for the Quality of Sport Engagement......Page 82
Achievement Goals: The Importance of How We Judge Our Competence......Page 83
Doing It for the Joy: The Determinants of Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination......Page 91
5 The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Theory: When Coaches' Expectations Become Reality......Page 103
The Expectation–Performance Process......Page 104
Sport Applications......Page 111
6 Leadership in Sports: The Critical Importance of Coach and Athlete Leadership......Page 126
7 The Sport Team as an Effective Group......Page 149
Group Cohesion......Page 150
8 Communicating Effectively......Page 165
Communication Defined......Page 166
Communication in Sport......Page 167
Communication and Groups......Page 169
The Sport Psychologist as a Skilled Helper......Page 177
PART TWO—MENTAL TRAINING FOR PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT......Page 182
9 Psychological Characteristics of Peak Performance......Page 184
Psychological Characteristics During Peak Experiences in Sport......Page 185
Flow and Peak Performance......Page 186
The Individualized Zone of Optimal Functioning......Page 187
Psychological Attributes and Skills of Successful and Less Successful Athletes......Page 189
A Profile of Mental Toughness......Page 192
Team, Coach, Family, and Organizational Influences on Peak Performance......Page 193
Conclusion: What It Takes to "Make It"......Page 194
10 Increasing Awareness for Sport Performance......Page 201
The Importance of Awareness in Athletics......Page 202
Awareness as It Relates to Skill Development......Page 203
Techniques for Developing Awareness......Page 208
Goal-Setting Research and Theory......Page 213
Examining Athletes' and Coaches' Uses of Goal Setting......Page 216
Goal-Setting Guidelines......Page 218
A Goal-Setting System for Coaches......Page 223
Common Problems in Setting Goals......Page 224
Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Management in Sport Psychology......Page 232
Causes of and Responses to Stress......Page 233
Measurement of Stress-Related Symptoms......Page 236
Explaining the Relationship of Stress to Performance......Page 237
Implications for Stress Management Interventions......Page 241
What Is Imagery?......Page 265
Does Imagery Work to Enhance Athletes' Performance?......Page 268
How Does Imagery Enhance Athletes' Performance?......Page 272
How Do You Set Up an Imagery Training Program?......Page 274
Imagery Cookbook for Coaches and Practitioners......Page 279
Case studies......Page 287
14 Cognitive Techniques for Building Confidence and Enhancing Performance......Page 299
Key Definitions: Confidence, Mental Toughness, Optimism, Self-Efficacy......Page 300
Common Misconceptions about Confidence......Page 301
Prerequisites for Gaining Confidence......Page 302
Self-Talk......Page 305
Identifying Self-Talk......Page 309
Techniques for Controlling Self-Talk......Page 311
15 Concentration and Strategies for Controlling It......Page 329
Attention Control Training Principles......Page 331
Increasing Awareness of Types of Attention......Page 337
External Factors: Strategies to Minimize External Distractions......Page 340
Internal Factors: Strategies to Stay Focused......Page 342
PART THREE—IMPLEMENTING TRAINING PROGRAMS......Page 352
16 Integrating and Implementing a Psychological Skills Training Program......Page 354
Are Psychological Interventions Effective in Improving Sport Performance?......Page 355
Who Will Benefit from Psychological Skills Training?......Page 356
Who Should Conduct the Psychological Skills Training Program?......Page 357
When Should Athletes Practice Psychological Skills?......Page 359
How Much Time Should Be Spent in Mental Training?......Page 360
Setting Up a Mental Skills Training Program......Page 361
Determining What Skills to Include......Page 367
Evaluation of Program Effectiveness......Page 370
Practical Pointers for Teaching Mental Skills......Page 371
Potential Problem Areas......Page 376
17 Conducting Evidence Based Coach-Training Programs: A Social-Cognitive Approach......Page 384
Developing Coach-Training Programs......Page 385
Measurement of Coaching Behaviors......Page 386
Implementing Sport Psychology Workshops for Coaches......Page 392
A Final Word......Page 398
Overview and Framework......Page 408
The Cultural Context of Sport......Page 410
Gender and Sexuality......Page 414
Race and Ethnicity......Page 417
Cultural Competence in Sport Psychology......Page 419
PART FOUR—ENHANCING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING......Page 428
19 When to Refer Athletes for Counseling or Psychotherapy......Page 430
The False Dichotomy of Performance Enhancement Versus Problematic Personal Issues......Page 431
How to Start the Referral Process......Page 433
When Referrals Don't Go Smoothly......Page 434
Some Specific Athlete-Related Issues......Page 435
Professional Development Tasks for Practitioners and Students......Page 440
20 Drug Abuse in Sport: Causes and Cures......Page 446
Review of Drugs Banned in Sport......Page 448
How Widespread Is Drug Abuse in Sport?......Page 452
Likely Causes of Drug Abuse in Sport......Page 454
Strategies for Controlling Drug Abuse......Page 456
21 Athlete Burnout: An Individual and Organizational Phenomenon......Page 469
What Is Athlete Burnout?......Page 470
Overtraining......Page 471
Integrating the Burnout Knowledge Base: How the Individual and Organization Fit......Page 475
Preventing Athlete Burnout: Individual and Organizational Intervention Strategies......Page 478
Factors That Predispose Athletes to Injury......Page 487
Interventions to Reduce Injury Vulnerability......Page 492
Athletes' Reactions to Injury......Page 494
Teaching Specific Psychological Rehabilitation Strategies......Page 503
History and Background......Page 515
Theoretical Perspectives on Career Transition......Page 516
The Conceptual Model of Career Transition......Page 517
Stage 1: Causes of Career Termination......Page 518
Stage 2: Factors Related to Adaptation to Career Transition......Page 520
Stage 3: Available Resources for Adaptation to Career Transition......Page 523
Stage 5: Intervention for Career Transition......Page 525
24 Exercise Psychology......Page 535
Exercise and Mental Health......Page 536
Plausible Mediators or Mechanisms......Page 541
Physical Activity Behavior Change......Page 542
Social and Environmental Features......Page 546
B......Page 566
C......Page 567
D......Page 568
F......Page 569
I......Page 570
M......Page 571
P......Page 572
S......Page 574
V......Page 576
Z......Page 577