Applied quantum mechanics

Title page ......Page 1
Oxford University Press ......Page 2
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ......Page 3
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION ......Page 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS for VOLUMES I AND II ......Page 7
CONTENTS ......Page 9
1. Diffraction of fast electrons by molecules ......Page 17
1.1. The independent scattering-centre approximation ......Page 18
1.2. Use of Born\'s approximation ......Page 20
1.3. Application to carbon tetrachloride ......Page 21
1.4. Analysis of observed data ......Page 22
1.5. Experimental methods ......Page 23
1.6. Attainable accuracy and typical results ......Page 29
1.7.1. Failure of Born\'s approximation ......Page 30
1.7.2. Multiple scattering within the molecule ......Page 34
1.7.3. Valence distortion effects—scattering by H2+ and H2 ......Page 37
2.1. Angular distribution of elastically scattered electrons ......Page 42
2.2. The fine structure of X-ray absorption edges in molecular gases ......Page 44
3. Collisions of slow electrons with molecules ......Page 49
3.1. The broad features of observed total cross-sections ......Page 50
3.2. Theory of the broad features of the elastic scattering of slow electrons by molecules—semi-empirical treatment ......Page 55
3.3. Calculations for hydrogen based on the actual molecular structure ......Page 62
3.4. Scattering by highly symmetrical molecules ......Page 64
3.5. Fine structure in total and elastic cross-sections of molecules ......Page 65
3.5.1. Hydrogen ......Page 66
3.5.2. Nitrogen ......Page 67
3.5.3. Carbon monoxide ......Page 76
3.5.4. Oxygen and nitric oxide ......Page 77
11. COLLISIONS OF ELECTRONS WITH MOLECULES - EXCITATION OF VIBRATION AND ROTATION - ANALYSIS OF SWARM EXPERIMENTS AT LOW ENERGIES ......Page 78
1. Excitation of molecular vibration and rotation—historical account ......Page 79
2. Excitation of vibration by impact of fast electrons ......Page 86
3. Vibrational excitation by slow electron beams ......Page 89
4. Rotational excitation—application of Born\'s approximation ......Page 99
5. Evidence about rotational excitation cross-sections from swarm data*—elementary analysis ......Page 102
6. Cross-modulation experiments and rotational excitation ......Page 103
6.1. Cross-modulation with radio waves—the Luxemburg effect ......Page 104
6.2. Laboratory investigation of wave interaction ......Page 106
6.2.1. Application to helium ......Page 108
6.2.2. Application to nitrogen and oxygen ......Page 113
7. Detailed analysis of swarm data in terms of momentum loss and rotational and vibrational excitation cross-sections ......Page 117
7.1. Application to H2 and D2 ......Page 122
7.2. Application to N2 ......Page 129
7.3. Application to CO ......Page 133
7.4. Application to 02 ......Page 137
7.5. Application to C02 ......Page 142
7.6. Application to dry air ......Page 145
8. Rotational excitation—improved theoretical description ......Page 146
9. Rotational excitation of molecular positive ions ......Page 152
1. Introductory—Quantum states of diatomic molecules ......Page 153
2. Enumeration of electronic states of diatomic molecules ......Page 156
2.1. Electron configurations in diatomic molecules ......Page 157
2.2. Terms arising from a given electron configuration ......Page 161
2.3. Molecular terms from terms of separate atoms ......Page 162
2.5. Electronic states of negative molecular ions ......Page 165
3.2. The Franck-Condon principle ......Page 169
3.3. Ionization of a molecule ......Page 171
3.4.1. Energy distribution of atoms or ions in a dissociative transition ......Page 172
3.6. The formation of negative ions from molecules by electron impact ......Page 173
3.6.1. Negative ion formation by electron capture ......Page 174
3.6.2. Determination of dissociation energies and electron affinities ......Page 178
4.1. Excitation of a stable electronic state ......Page 179
4.2. Angular distribution of products of molecular dissociation ......Page 182
5.1. Theoretical considerations ......Page 185
5.2. Experimental confirmation ......Page 187
6. Interpretation of resonance effects in collisions of electrons with neutral molecules ......Page 190
7.1. Introduction—special requirements and problems which arise in studying molecular collisions ......Page 194
7.2. Measurement of absolute (apparent) ionization cross-sections ......Page 198
7.3.1. Lozier\'s method ......Page 202
7.3.2. Use of the mass spectrograph ......Page 204
7.3.3. Crossed-beam methods for studying near-threshold behaviour of the ionization cross-section ......Page 207
7.3.4. Absolute measurement of cross-sections for production of energetic ions ......Page 208
7.4. Study of negative ion formation by beam methods ......Page 209
7.5. Study of negative ion formation using electron swarms—the attachment coefficient ......Page 214
7.5.1. The method of the electron filter ......Page 215
7.5.2. Pulse methods ......Page 216
7.5.3. Diffusion methods ......Page 222
7.5.4. Attachment coefficients from measurement of current in a pre-breakdown discharge ......Page 225
7.5.5. Attachment rates from microwave probing of discharge afterglows ......Page 227
1. Molecular hydrogen (including deuterium and hydrogen deuteride) ......Page 229
1.1. Predicted effects ......Page 230
1.2.1. Beam experiments ......Page 235
1.2.2. Swarm experiments ......Page 242
1.2.3. Theoretical calculations ......Page 245
1.2.4. The continuous spectrum of molecular hydrogen ......Page 246
1.3.1. Excitation by electrons of medium to high energy ......Page 250
1.3.2. Excitation of discrete states by low energy electrons ......Page 254
1.3.3. The photon-production coefficient ......Page 256
1.4.2. Behaviour of the cross-section near the threshold for BJ production ......Page 261
1.4.3. Energy loss spectra beyond the ionization threshold ......Page 267
1.5. Dissociative ionization ......Page 268
1.5.1. Absolute magnitude of the cross-section for production of protons ......Page 271
1.5.2.1. Experimental method ......Page 273
1.5.2.2. Discussion of observations of angular distribution of energetic protons ......Page 275
1.5.2.3. Observations of the energy distribution of energetic protons ......Page 276
1.5.2.4. Production of protons as a function of electron energy ......Page 279
1.6.1. The first experiments in H2 ......Page 281
1.6.2. The isotope effect ......Page 284
1.6.3. Theoretical interpretation of results ......Page 287
1.7. Analysis of swarm experiments in H2 and D2 in which electronic excitation is important ......Page 289
2. Excitation and dissociation of H2+ by electron impact ......Page 292
2.1. The electronic states and potential energy curves for H2+ ......Page 293
2.2. Calculation of excitation (dissociation) cross-sections ......Page 294
2.3. The measurement of dissociation cross-sections ......Page 300
2.4. Comparison with theory ......Page 307
3. Nitrogen ......Page 308
3.1. The electronic states of N2 and N2+ ......Page 309
3.2. Excitation functions for bound electronic states of N2 ......Page 317
3.3. Ultra-violet photon production coefficient for N2 ......Page 322
3.4. Ionization of N2 ......Page 323
3.4.2. Behaviour of the cross-section near the threshold for N2+ production ......Page 324
3.4.3. Energy loss spectra beyond the excitation threshold ......Page 325
3.5.1. The production of N+ ions ......Page 329
3.5.2. Direct excitation of NI lines ......Page 332
3.6. The formation of N2++ and N++ ions ......Page 333
3.7. Electronic states of N2- ......Page 334
3.8. Analysis of swarm experiments in N2 in which electronic excitation is important ......Page 335
4.1. The electronic states of O2 and O2+ ......Page 338
4.2.1. The upper ($B^3\\Sigma_u^-$) state of the Schumann-Runge bands ......Page 342
4.2.2. The upper state of the 9.94-eV energy loss ......Page 343
4.2.3. The metastable states ......Page 344
4.3.2. Production of O2+ ions near the threshold ......Page 345
4.3.3. Energy loss spectra beyond the ionization threshold ......Page 347
4.3.4. Direct excitation of excited states of O2+ ......Page 348
4.3.5. Production of O+ ions ......Page 349
4.4.1. Beam experiments—historical account ......Page 351
4.4.2. Beam experiments—results obtained ......Page 354
4.4.3. Swarm experiments—introduction ......Page 356
4.4.4. Analysis of process A ......Page 361
4.4.5. Analysis of swarm data for characteristic energies > 1.0 eV (including attachment process B) ......Page 369
4.4.6. Transport coefficients in dry air ......Page 372
5.1. Excitation of discrete states ......Page 373
5.2. Ion production in CO ......Page 377
6. Nitric oxide ......Page 383
7.1. Excitation and ionization of H20 by electrons of a few hundred eV energy ......Page 385
7.2. Excitation and ion production by low energy electrons ......Page 387
8. Carbon dioxide ......Page 394
9. Ion production by electron impact in N02 and N20 ......Page 400
10. Negative ion production in ozone ......Page 402
11.1. Sulphur hexafluoride ......Page 404
11.2. Iodine ......Page 409
11.3. Hydrogen halides ......Page 416
1. Introduction ......Page 417
2. Basic formulae for bound-free and free-bound transitions ......Page 418
3. Theory of radiative capture by bare nuclei—photo-ionization of atomic hydrogen ......Page 420
4.1. Further general considerations ......Page 424
4.2. Calculation of cross sections—auto-ionization ignored ......Page 425
4.3. Resonance effects due to excitation of auto-ionizing states ......Page 428
5.1. General introduction ......Page 430
5.2. Sources of radiation ......Page 434
5.3. Radiation detectors ......Page 439
5.4. Sources of error ......Page 441
5.5.1. Total absorption method for permanent gases ......Page 442
5.5.2. Total absorption method for metal vapours ......Page 445
5.5.3. Direct measurement of photo-ionization ......Page 450
5.5.4. Experiments directed toward the determination of ionization potentials and structure near thresholds ......Page 452
5.5.4.1. Use of photoelectron spectra ......Page 454
5.5.5. Mass spectrometric analysis of products of photo-ionization ......Page 457
7.1. Helium ......Page 462
7.2. Neon ......Page 470
7.3. Argon, krypton, and xenon ......Page 473
7.4.1. Lithium ......Page 477
7.4.2. Sodium ......Page 479
7.4.3. Potassium ......Page 480
7.4.5. Magnesium and calcium ......Page 482
7.5.1. Atomic hydrogen ......Page 487
7.5.2. Atomic oxygen ......Page 489
7.5.3. Atomic nitrogen ......Page 492
8.1. General theoretical considerations ......Page 495
8.2. Hydrogen (H2), deuterium (D2), and deuterium hydride (HD) ......Page 497
8.3. H2+ ......Page 503
8.4. Oxygen ......Page 505
8.5. Nitrogen ......Page 512
8.6. Carbon monoxide ......Page 516
8.7. Nitric oxide ......Page 520
8.8. Water vapour ......Page 524
8.9. Ammonia ......Page 525
8.10. Carbon dioxide ......Page 527
8.11. Other applications of photoelectron spectroscopy ......Page 528
8.12. Polar photodissociation of bromine and iodine ......Page 529
9.1. Introduction ......Page 531
9.2. Theoretical formulae—non-relativistic ......Page 532
9.3. Calculated intensity of emission of the continuous X-ray spectrum (neglecting relativity and electron spin) ......Page 534
9.4. Theory of bremsstrahlung emission, including spin-relativity effects ......Page 537
10.1. Introduction ......Page 544
10.2.1. Measurement of the continuous X-ray spectrum intensity ......Page 545
10.2.2. Measurement of the polarization of the bremsstrahlung ......Page 551
10.2.3. Measurement of the angular distribution of electrons after radiative scattering ......Page 555
10.2.4. Measurement of the asymmetry of the bremsstrahlung produced by transversely polarized electrons ......Page 556
10.3.1. Distribution of intensity in the X-ray spectrum ......Page 557
10.3.2. Directional distribution of the emitted radiation ......Page 560
10.3.3. Measurement of X-ray isochromats ......Page 562
10.3.4. The low energy end of the continuous X-ray spectrum ......Page 566
10.3.5. Polarization of bremsstrahlung ......Page 568
10.3.6. Asymmetry of bremsstrahlung from transversely polarized electrons ......Page 572
11.1. Absorption in the field of bare positive ions ......Page 573
12. Total absorption in an ionized atmosphere ......Page 576
13. Collective effects in bremsstrahlung emission from a plasma ......Page 578
14. Two-quantum photo-ionization ......Page 582
1. Introduction—theoretical behaviour ......Page 587
2. The crossed-beam method for measuring photodetachment cross-sections ......Page 590
3. Shock-wave method for observing emission and absorption spectra of negative ions ......Page 597
4. Observations of negative ion emission continua from high-pressure arc discharges ......Page 603
5.1. H- ......Page 607
5.2. O- ......Page 613
5.3. C- ......Page 618
5.5. Metastable N- (?) ......Page 620
5.6. The halogen negative ions F-, C1-, Br-, I- ......Page 621
6. Results for negative molecular ions ......Page 626
6.1. OH- and OD- ......Page 627
6.3. O2- ......Page 629
7. Free-free transitions of electrons in the fields of neutral atoms ......Page 631
7.1. Hydrogen ......Page 632
7.2. Free-free transitions in the fields of complex atoms ......Page 637
8. Two-quantum photodetachment ......Page 642
Fig. 10.3   ......Page 647
Fig. 10.5   ......Page 648
Fig. 10.9   ......Page 649
Fig. 10.10  ......Page 650
Fig. 13.8   ......Page 651
Fig. 14.21  ......Page 652
Fig. 14.25  ......Page 653
Fig. 14.28  ......Page 654
Fig. 15.23  ......Page 655
Fig. 15.26  ......Page 656
AUTHOR INDEX  ......Page 657
SUBJECT INDEX ......Page 666